Univ. Prof. Dr. Sarah Spiekermann; “The Human Use of Machine Beings”, Chatper 3, Taylor and Francis, New York, 2015 Chapter 3 – Values in Machine Age Chapter 3 – Values in Machine Age ...............................................................................................1 An Introduction to Values........................................................................................................2 What is a value?...............................................................................................................................2 Intrinsic versus extrinsic values......................................................................................................3 Intrinsic Values in Philosophy and Psychology..............................................................................3 Nonmoral Values versus Moral Values...........................................................................................4 Values versus Virtues.......................................................................................................................4 Necessary Values for Human Growth.............................................................................................5 Ethical Knowledge in Machine Age................................................................................................7 What is Knowledge?......................................................................................................................7 Structuring ethical challenges in IT driven knowledge creation.....................................................8 Ethical Challenges in Data Collection............................................................................................8 Informed consent.......................................................................................................................................11 User Control in Ubiquitous Computing....................................................................................................12 Ethical Challenges in Information Aggregation and Knowledge Creation...................................13 Data Quality..............................................................................................................................................13 Truth..........................................................................................................................................................15 Transparency.............................................................................................................................................16 Ethical Challenges in the Design of Knowledge Access..............................................................17 Access to Knowledge................................................................................................................................18 Objectivity or Filter Bubbles....................................................................................................................19 Ethical Uses of Information and Knowledge................................................................................21 Contextual Integrity .................................................................................................................................21 Privacy Harms...........................................................................................................................................22 Computer Bias and Fairness.....................................................................................................................22 Summing Up: Ethical Knowledge Management..........................................................................23 Freedom and Liberty in the Machine Age....................................................................................26 Negative Liberty and Machines...................................................................................................26 Positive Liberty and Machines.....................................................................................................27 Technology Paternalism and Controllability................................................................................28 Autonomy vis-à-vis Machines.....................................................................................................30 Attention Sensitive Machines.......................................................................................................33 Attention-sensitive Interruption................................................................................................................33 Summing up: Freedom and Liberty in the Machine Age..............................................................34 Health and Strength in the Machine Age......................................................................................37 Machines’ direct impact on physical health and strength.............................................................37 Machines’ long-term effects on physical health and strength.......................................................37 Machines’ direct effects on mental health and strength................................................................38 Machines’ indirect effect on mental health...................................................................................38 Mental health challenges in response to computer use on the job............................................................39 Machines’ indirect effect on physical health................................................................................40 ........................................................................................................................................................41 On Security and Safety in the Machine Age.................................................................................42 Safety versus Security..................................................................................................................42 Safety, Cyberwar and Cybercrime................................................................................................43 Security Principles in Machine Engineering................................................................................43 Information Security Goals ......................................................................................................................44 Auditability...............................................................................................................................................45 Privacy in terms of Security vs. Security in terms of Privacy..................................................................45 Univ. Prof. Dr. Sarah Spiekermann; “The Human Use of Machine Beings”, Chatper 3, Taylor and Francis, New York, 2015 Accountability...........................................................................................................................................45 Privacy and Surveillance..............................................................................................................47 The issue of surveillance...........................................................................................................................47 The Pros and Cons of Surveillance...........................................................................................................48 Reaching Golden Means in Mass-Surveillance?..........................................................................49 Trust and Confidence in the Machine Age....................................................................................51 What is trust?...............................................................................................................................51 Trust Mechanisms in Machines....................................................................................................52 How computer scientists understand trust................................................................................................53 Reputation Systems...................................................................................................................................53 Belonging and Friendship in the Machine Age............................................................................56 What is Philia (friendship)?.........................................................................................................56 How can machines influence the various dimensions of friendship?...........................................57 Human-to-human friendship in first generation media environments and social networks.....................58 Shared life and learning in virtual worlds.................................................................................................59 Empathy in virtual worlds.........................................................................................................................60 Intimacy and Disinhibition in Online Environments................................................................................63 Intimacy with Artificial Beings.................................................................................................................64 Final thoughts on friendship in the machine age......................................................................................66 Dignity and Respect in the Machine Age .....................................................................................68 Dignity and Respect.....................................................................................................................68