Wacana, Vol. 12 No. 1 (April 2010): 1—19 The revitalization of Mak Yong in the Malay world PUDENTIA MPSS Abstract Culture can only be revitalized when a cultural tradition is considered of significant importance by its owning community. How important it is for the identity of that community or to what extent it symbolizes that community can only be established after in-depth study. It is crucial that revitalization activities involve the community. If not, efforts would be pointless. Mak Yong is one of the Malay performing art traditions that has been revitalized over the last five years. It is an art form that originates in southern Thailand and was brought to Bintan in the Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau, Kepri) via Singapore. It combines dialogue, dance, singing, music, and stories and may still be found in the Riau Islands in Indonesia. It is interesting to show how Mak Yong has represented and expressed Malay dynamics by means of revitalizations efforts. Keywords Oral Tradition Revitalization, Mak Yong, Riau Islands, Malay world. Introduction1 Mak Yong is an oral performing art tradition that may still be encountered in the Riau Islands (Kepri) and more specifically in the islands of Batam and Bintan. In Batam, Mak Yong is performed by a group from Pulau Panjang. In Bintan it is still found in two places, Kampung Keke, Kecamatan Kijang, and Pulau Mantang Arang, an island off the coast of East Bintan. In both places, the performers of Mak Yong belong to the third and fourth generations after the founders of the Mak Yong groups. 1 I would like to thank Dick van der Meij for his translation of my article from Indonesian to English. PUDENTIA MPSS is a head lecturer at the Indonesian Studies Programme at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Indonesia. She is also the chair of the Oral Traditions Association and member of the Indonesian Eminent Persons Group Indonesia-Malaysia. She wrote her PhD on the Mak Yong Theater in Riau Islands, and is active in the field of Malay Studies. At present she prepares a proposal with Dr. Dick van der Meij for the inclusion of Mak Yong in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Pudentia MPSS may be contacted at: [email protected]. © 2010 Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia 2 Wacana, Vol. 12 No. 1 (April 2010) PUDENTIA MPSS, The revitalization of Mak Yong in the Malay world 3 Mak Yong consists of a ritual and an entertainment component and combines dialogue, dance, singing, music, and stories in its performances. A performance is invariably preceded by an opening ritual called buka tanah (opening of the soil) and a performance closes with a similar ritual entitled tutup tanah (closing of the soil). Mak Yong is a traditional oral performing art form, which means that performers and the public together gather in the same place and at the same time during a performance. There is thus no clear divide between the performers and the audience as in the case of written traditions; in a way, they create the art form in a combination between the performer and the audience as both react to each other. The performers consist of musicians (some of whom also perform in dramatic roles), players who enact the story and engage in dialogue, singing, and dancing, and a choir- like group of performers who sit on the ground and join in the singing. The musical instruments consist of one two-string violin (rebab), a flute (serunai), a lead drum (gendang pengibu), accompanying drums (gendang penganak), a lead tambourine (gedombak pengibu, actually a kind of small drum closed by a bide on one side only), an accompanying tambourine (gedombak penganak), a gong, various small gongs (kenong, small gong made of bronze and played by hitting it with a stick). Sometimes a kecrek, an instrument made of a split bamboo of about 45 cm in length and 6 cm in width is added. Illustration 1 shows the following instruments: gedombak, gendang, gong, and kenong. During the play some characters wear masks (Illustration 2), but not everyone. Especially men who perform the roles of females wear masks but also ogres and other supernatural beings are portrayed by men who wear masks. A group usually has no more than 10 masks at most and they are usually made by a member of the group. Illustration 1. Mak Yong instruments (a set of gendang, a set of gedombak, gong, and kenong); Photograph by the author, 1993. 2 Wacana, Vol. 12 No. 1 (April 2010) PUDENTIA MPSS, The revitalization of Mak Yong in the Malay world 3 Illustration 2. The masks used by the Mak Yong group from Pulau Panjang; Photograph by Dick van der Meij, 2008. Mak Yong in three countries Up to the present, experts have been in disagreement over the exact meaning of the expression "Mak Yong". However, they do agree that Europeans first heard of its existence in Thailand (then Siam) in Nara Yala, Patani (Narathiwat) in the seventeenth century and that it had spread to Kelantan (Malaysia) around two hundred years ago. However, in Malaysia no masks were used as in the place of origin (Sheppard 1972: 58, 134; Suki 1978: 2; Ghulam-Sarwar 1982: 108; Sastrosuwondho 1985: 16). Mak Yong was brought to Kelantan for the first time as a present from Patani for a marriage between the two Sultanates of Patani and Kelantan (see Ghulam-Sarwar 1982). 4 Wacana, Vol. 12 No. 1 (April 2010) PUDENTIA MPSS, The revitalization of Mak Yong in the Malay world 5 Although Mak Yong is still found in Batam and Bintan, its existence may be said to be kerakap tumbuh di batu in other words, "it still lives but is almost no longer there", or "it is said no longer to exist but is still around". In the words of Mak Yong players themselves hidup segan, mati tak mau, or "reluctant to live, unwilling to die". In Patani, Mak Yong is considered "too Malay" and therefore considered to diminish Thai identity. Contrarily, Muslims in Patani consider Mak Yong no part of their Malay Muslim culture and they have no wish for its existence. In Kelantan, Mak Yong is seen as not to reflect Islamic Malayness and was banned by Governor Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat (Akmar 1993). This is interesting as Mak Yong thrived in the early parts of the twentieth century under the protection of a Kelantan Prince, Abdul Ghaffar who, in 1923, even went as far as to build a special cultural village, named Kampung Temenggung, which was among others designed to develop Mak Yong. Although Mak Yong is still around in Patani, it is no longer performed due to the unfavourable political situation because of which people who used to go back and forth from Patani to Kelantan and from Kelantan to Patani can no longer do so. Up to the present, the political situation in the region has been strained and we may say that Mak Yong is no longer alive there. It is also no longer vibrant because in Patani, as in Riau, it is a performance that used to be part of a tribute and is therefore different from the situation in Kelantan where it is also a form of medical treatment for patients who can no longer be cured through modern medical care. When used for medical purposes, the story entitled Main Putri is performed and because of this role in society, Mak Yong has more vibrancy in Kelantan notwithstanding the official prohibition. Mak Yong in Kelantan expired after the Kelantan Prince died but resurfaced under the protection of Tan Sri Dato Nik Ahmed, the Governor of Kelantan and Member of Parliament in Malaysia. However, when he also passed away in December 1997, Mak Yong began its slow but steady demise. This being so, although seldom performed, Mak Yong in Malaysia may still be found in various places outside its region of origin such as Terengganu, Kedah, and in Kuala Lumpur and it is part of the teaching material in the Art Academy, also because it is still being used as part of a health care ceremony as mentioned above. Malaysian Mak Yong may be said to have reached the peak of its glory just recently when, in 2008, the government’s proposal to have it included as a Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage was honoured by UNESCO. Since then, Mak Yong has been officially recognized in Malaysia as one of the symbols of Malay identity. Various photographs and posters featuring Mak Yong may invariably be encountered during cultural celebrations where Malaysia plays its part. Mak Yong in the Riau Islands Around one hundred years ago, Mak Yong was brought from Kelantan to the Riau Islands through Tanjung Kurau (present-day Singapore) by Mak Ungu and his group. To the present day, Mak Ungu is recognized as the pioneer of 4 Wacana, Vol. 12 No. 1 (April 2010) PUDENTIA MPSS, The revitalization of Mak Yong in the Malay world 5 Riau Mak Yong. Interestingly, the Mak Yong that may now be encountered in Riau and which is said to originate from Kelantan uses masks as is the case in Patani but not in Kelantan itself. Also interesting is that although the titles of the stories that are performed in Patani, Kelantan, and in Riau are the same, the way they are performed differs in each region. The repertoire used is different in each region as well, but this is another subject and below I will no longer refer to Patani Mak Yong and to Kelantan Mak Yong only in connection with our discussion of Mak Yong as found in Riau.