Abbreviation of Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Part 2) By M. H. Kamali, PhD Abbreviation and Comments by: Hatem al-Haj, PhD 1 Contents Chapter Eight: Ijmaa' or Consensus of Opinion ................................. 8 [Definition] ............................................................................... 9 [The Functions of Ijmaa’] ...................................................... 10 Essential Requirements (Arkaan) of Ijmaa` .................................. 11 Proof (Hujjiyyah) of Ijmaa` ....................................................... 12 Proof (Hujjiyyah) of Ijmaa` ....................................................... 14 Ijmaa' in the Qur'an: ............................................................. 15 2. The Sunnah on Ijmaa ` ...................................................... 16 Feasibility of Ijmaa'................................................................... 19 Types of Ijmaa`........................................................................ 21 Basis (Sanad) of Ijmaa` .............................................................. 22 Transmission of Ijmaa`.............................................................. 23 'Acquired' (Muhassal) ............................................................ 23 `Transmitted' (Manqool) ....................................................... 23 Reform Proposals .................................................................... 24 Conclusion ............................................................................. 26 Chapter Nine: Qiyas (Analogical Deduction) .................................. 28 [Definition] ............................................................................. 28 The essential requirements of qiyas ............................................. 30 Conditions Pertaining to the Original Case (Asl) ...................... 30 2 Does ijmaa `constitute a valid asl for qiyas? ............................... 30 Majority: one qiyas may not constitute the asl of another. .......... 30 Conditions Pertaining to the Hukm........................................ 31 III. The New Case (Far') ....................................................... 33 IV. The Effective Cause ('Illah) .............................................. 33 Identification of the 'Illah ...................................................... 35 Varieties of Qiyas ................................................................. 38 Obvious and Hidden Qiyas ................................................... 38 Proof (Hujjiyyah) of Qiyas ..................................................... 39 The Argument Against Qiyas ................................................. 40 Qiyas in Penalties ................................................................. 41 Conflicts between Nass and Qiyas .......................................... 42 Chapter Ten: Revealed Laws Preceding the Shari'ah of Islam ............ 45 Qur'an and Sunnah refer to rules of previous revelations in three forms: ........................................................................................ 45 Chapter Eleven: The Fatwa of a Companion .................................. 47 [Why are they special?] ......................................................... 47 Views on the Fatwa of a Companion ...................................... 48 Chapter Twelve: Istihsaan, or Equity in Islamic Law ........................ 51 Istihsaan or Equity? .................................................................. 51 [Definition] ............................................................................. 51 [‘Umar and Istihsaan] ............................................................ 51 [Controversy on Definition] .................................................. 52 3 [Proof-Value of Istihsaan] ......................................................... 53 [First Introducer] .................................................................. 53 Ra'y, Qiyas and Istihsan ............................................................ 54 Qiyas Jali, Qiyas Khafi and Istihsan ......................................... 54 The Hanafi - Shafi'i Controversy Over Istihsan ........................... 56 Conclusion ............................................................................. 58 Chapter Thirteen: Maslahah Mursalah (Considerations of Public Interest) ............................................................................................. 60 [Proofs on Validity of Istislah] .................................................... 60 [From the Quran] ................................................................. 60 [From the Sunnah] ............................................................... 60 The practice of Companions, Successors and leading mujtahidun 60 Types of Maslahah ................................................................... 61 Essential masalih ................................................................... 61 Hajiyyat .............................................................................. 61 Embellishments .................................................................... 61 Types of Masalih from the Viewpoint of Availability of a Textual Authority ....................................................................................... 62 Conditions (Shurut) of Maslahah Mursalah .................................. 63 1 ) Must be genuine (haqiqiyyah) ............................................ 63 2) Must be general (kulliyyah) ................................................ 63 3) Must not be in conflict with a principle ............................... 63 4 Al-Tufi's View of Maslahah Mursalah ..................................... 63 Differences between Istislah, Analogy, and Istihsan ....................... 64 The Polemics over Maslahah ..................................................... 64 [Examples of Application of Maslahah] ....................................... 65 Conclusion ............................................................................. 65 Chapter Fourteen: 'Urf (Custom) .................................................. 67 [Definition] ............................................................................. 67 [Scope of Operation] ................................................................ 67 Conditions of Valid `Urf ........................................................... 68 Differences between `Urf and Ijma` ........................................ 69 Types of Custom ..................................................................... 69 [Verbal and Actual] ............................................................... 69 [General and Specific] ........................................................... 70 [Approved Custom (Sahih) and Disapproved Custom (Fasid)] .... 70 Proof (Hujjiyyah) of `Urf .......................................................... 71 [Change of Ruling upon Change of ‘Urf] ................................... 71 Chapter Fifteen: Istishab (Presumption of Continuity) ...................... 73 Varieties of Istishab .................................................................. 74 Conclusion ............................................................................. 77 Chapter Sixteen: Sadd al-Dhara'i` (Blocking the Means) ................... 79 [Definition] ............................................................................. 79 5 [Dhari’a will be forbidden regardless of the intention of the doer or actual materialization of the end.] .................................................. 79 [Proof-value of Sadd al-Dhara'i`] ............................................... 80 [Disagreement over Sadd al-Dharai’] .......................................... 80 [Classification of Sadd al-Dhara'i'] .............................................. 80 [Haram May Be Turned into Halal] ........................................ 81 [Over-Reliance on Sadd Al-Dhara'i`] ..................................... 81 [Distinguishing the Means from the Preliminary(muqaddimah)] . 82 Chapter Seventeen: Hukm Shar`i (Law or Value of Shari'ah) ............ 83 [Varities of Hukm shar'i] ....................................................... 84 Defining Law (al-hukm al-Taklifi ) ............................................ 84 I.1 The Obligatory (Wajib, Fard) ........................................... 84 I.2 Mandub (Recommended) ................................................ 86 I.3 Haram (Forbidden) .......................................................... 87 I.4 Makruh (Abominable) ...................................................... 89 I.5 Mubah (Permissible) ........................................................ 90 II. Declaratory Law (al-Hukm al-Wad'i) ..................................... 92 II.1 Cause (Sabab) ................................................................ 93 II.2 Condition (Shart) ........................................................... 93 II.3 Hindrance (Mani`) ......................................................... 93 II.4 Strict Law (`Azimah) and Concessionary Law (Rukhsah) ..... 94 II.5 Valid, Irregular and Void (Sahih, Fasid, Batil) ..................... 94 III. The Pillars (Arkan) of Hukm Shar'i ....................................... 95 6 III.1 The Lawgiver (Hakim) .................................................. 95 III.2 The Subject-Matter of Hukm (al-Mahkum Fih) ............... 97 III.3 Legal Capacity (Ahliyyah) ............................................ 100 Chapter Eighteen: Conflict of Evidences ...................................... 102 [Definition and Scope] ..........................................................