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Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Phonetics and phonology of Nantong Chinese DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Benjamin Xiaoping Ao, B.A., M.A. ********** The Ohio State University June, 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor David Odden, Chair Professor Mary Beckman Professor Marjorie Chan Professor Elizabeth Hume Advisor Professor Brian Joseph Department of Linguistics Copyright by Benjamin Xiaoping Ao 1993 To the people o f my hometown — Nantong, Jiangsu, China n ACKOWLEDGEMENTS It is such a relief to be finally able to depart from the laborious task of dissertation composition and engage in the pleasant work of writing down my acknowledgements to the various people who have made my endeavor possible. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. David Odden, my teacher and life­ time friend, for helping me in ways well beyond teaching me theoretical phonology through every step of my graduate studies at The Ohio State University. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to the other members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Mary Beckman, Maijorie Chan, Elizabeth Hume and Brian Joseph, for your comments, suggestions, encouragement and care. Without the input fix>m your respective area of expertise in phonetics, phonology, historical linguistics and Chinese linguistics, this study would never have reached maturity. I thank all the other professors who have taught me at The Ohio State University, including Dr. Ellen Kaisse in phonology, Drs. Use Lehiste, Robert Fox and Michel Jackson in phonetics. Dr. Robert Levine in morphology, Drs. David Dowty, Arnold Zwicky and Thomas Ernst in syntax. Dr. Michael Geis in pragmatics and syntax. Dr. Craige Roberts in semantics, and Dr. Wayne Cowart in psycholinguistics. I thank all the other faculty and staff members for their support and help that made my stay in the Department of Linguistics a very pleasant one. I thank Dr. Moira Yip from University of California at Irvine and Dr. Matthew Chen from University of California at San Diego for their comments on early drafts of my dissertation, and for their encouragement. To my fellow students and friends Jill Beckman, Yung-Hee Chung, John Xiangling Dai, Paul Fallon, Qian Gao, Sun-Ah Jun, Andreas Kathol, Hakan Kuh, Sook-Hyang Lee, Nasiombe Mutonyi, Mira Oh, Frederick üi Parkinson, Kate Welker, Zhengsheng Zhang, Guohe Zheng and Ke Zou, I offer my sincere appreciation for your help and friendship. My special thanks go to my fellow students Sook-Hyang Lee, Stefanie Jannedy and Kevin Cohen, who found time from their busy schedule to help me with my palatographic studies. I thank Drs. Zhiming Bao, Duanmu San and Hongming Zhang for sharing with me ideas in Chinese phonology. My thanks also go to Deyi Sun, Leilei Jin, Qing Li, Jianjun Qin and Zhan Liang who helped me collect or verify data fiom Nantong City. To my wife and informant. Ping, I offer my heartfelt thanks for your faith in me, for enduring all the household chores, and for actually helping me collect and verify data for my research. To my daughter, Jennifer, I thank you for understanding my duties and absences. To my baby son, James, I thank you for the joy and hope that you brought to me. May God bless you all. IV VTTA October 21, 1954 ...................... Bom, Qingdao, Shandong, China 1982 ............................................ B.S. in English, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 1984 ........................................... M.A. in Chinese, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 1984-1986 ................................... Research Assistant, Institute for Applied Linguistics, Beijing, China 1988 ............................................. M.A. in Linguistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA PUBLICATIONS (selected) 1) Kikongo Nasal Harmony and Feature Underspecification. Linguistic Inquiry, 1990.4. 2) Nantong Tone Sandhi and Feature Geometry, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Eastern States Conference on Linguistics, 1990, Ohio State University. 3) Proto-Chinese Reconstruction Revisited. Language Sciences 13:3,1991. 4) A Generalized ITieory of Phonological Timing, Proceedings of the 3rd Student Corference in Linguistics, 1991, MTT. 5) Metrical Constituents as Domains of Tone Sandhi, CLS 28, 1992, University of Chicago. 6 ) The Non-Uniqueness Condition and the Segmentation of the Chinese Syllable, Working Papers in Linguistics, 41,1992, Ohio State University. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Linguistics: Studies in Phonology: Professors David Odden and EUen Kaisse. Studies in Phonetics: Professors Mary Beckman, Use Lehiste, Robert Fox, and Michel Jackson. Studies in Historical Linguistics: Professor Brian Joseph. Studies in Syntax: Professors David Dowty, Michael Geis, Arnold Zwicky, and Thomas Ernst. Studies in Semantics: Professor Craige Roberts. Studies in Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis: Professor Michael Geis. Studies in Morphology: Professor Robert Levine. Studies in Field Methods: Professor David Odden. Studies in Algebraic Linguistics: Professor Arnold Zwicl^. Studies in Psycholinguisitcs: Professor Wayne Cowart. VI TABLE OF œNTENTS ACKOWLEDGEMENTS........... .................................................................................... üi VITA .................................................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................ .....1 1.0. Motivation, objectives and organization of the present study .............................. 1 1.1. Location, population and history of Nantong Chinese ...................................... 3 1.2. Relationship of Nantong Chinese with its neighboring dialects ..........................5 1.3. Dialectal differences within Nantong Chinese .....................................................7 1.4. Previous studies of Nantong Chinese .................................................................9 CHAPTER n THEORETICAL BACKGROUND........................................................10 2.0. Introduction........................................................................................................10 2.1. Segmental features and feature geometry .......................................................10 2.1.1. Representation of the segment ....................................................................10 2.1.2. Representation of affricates ........................................................................27 2.1.3. Representation of other features .................................................................30 2.2. Tonal features and feature geometry................................................................. 31 2.2.1. Tonal features.....................................................................................31 2.2.2. Tonal feature geometry.............................................................................. 40 2.2.3. Tone bearing unit..............................................................................40 VÜ 2.3. Feature underspecification.................................................................................. 41 2.4. Mcraic theory and representation of the syllable ................................................ 43 2.5. Metrical theory and the prosodic hierarchy ............................................... 45 2.6. Summary ....................................................... 48 CHAPTER in THE UNDERLYING SOUND INVENTORY.................................... 49 3.0. Introduction.........................................................................................................49