Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2014-12 Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of FARC: a challenge for Colombia and a step toward andean region stability Palomino, William J. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44640 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION, AND REINTEGRATION OF FARC: A CHALLENGE FOR COLOMBIA AND A STEP TOWARD ANDEAN REGION STABILITY by William J. Palomino December 2014 Thesis Advisor: Douglas Porch Second Reader: Kalev Sepp Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION, AND REINTEGRATION OF FARC: A CHALLENGE FOR COLOMBIA AND A STEP TOWARD ANDEAN REGION STABILITY 6. AUTHOR(S) William J. Palomino 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The intention of this thesis is to determine the warning signals and preventive actions to conduct the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) process successfully. Although Colombia has experienced multiple DDR processes during its recent history, political violence continues to plague the country. After each process, Colombia notes the mutation of criminal structures, which have deployed their tentacles to other Latin American countries. Understanding the salient issues that led to the success or failure of DDR processes will aid the Government of Colombia (GOC) in continuing to face the process with FARC. The main argument of this thesis is that, in order for DDR to be successful, the GOC must take the ‘best practices’ of the DDR into account, not only in Colombia, but in other countries. Due to similarities with DDR experiences and the Colombian conflict, El Salvador and South Africa are the selected countries This thesis also will cover past Colombian experiences in DDR, beginning with the end of La Violencia and ending with the DDR of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), as well as the “individual demobilization” programs for insurgents. An analysis of these cases will provide the best approaches for conducting a successful DDR process with FARC. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Colombia, El Salvador, South Africa, Disarmament, Demobilization and 15. NUMBER OF Reintegration (DDR), Government of Colombia, Auto Defense Forces of PAGES Colombia, AUC (Spanish Acronym), Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the Peoples Army, 93 FARC-EP (Spanish Acronym), Four Guiding Principles of DDR, Stages of DDR, Warning Signals 16. PRICE CODE and Corrective Actions. 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION, AND REINTEGRATION OF FARC: A CHALLENGE FOR COLOMBIA AND A STEP TOWARD ANDEAN REGION STABILITY William J. Palomino Commander, Colombian Navy B.S., Colombian Naval Academy, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEFENSE ANALYSIS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2014 Author: William J. Palomino Approved by: Douglas Porch Thesis Advisor Kalev Sepp Second Reader John Arquilla Chair, Department of Defense Analysis iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT The intention of this thesis is to determine the warning signals and preventive actions to conduct the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) process successfully. Although Colombia has experienced multiple DDR processes during its recent history, political violence continues to plague the country. After each process, Colombia notes the mutation of criminal structures, which have deployed their tentacles to other Latin American countries. Understanding the salient issues that led to the success or failure of DDR processes will aid the Government of Colombia (GOC) in continuing to face the process with FARC. The main argument of this thesis is that, in order for DDR to be successful, the GOC must take the “best practices” of the DDR into account, not only in Colombia, but in other countries. Due to similarities with DDR experiences and the Colombian conflict, El Salvador and South Africa are the selected countries. This thesis also will cover past Colombian experiences in DDR, beginning with the end of La Violencia and ending with the DDR of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), as well as the “individual demobilization” programs for insurgents. An analysis of these cases will provide the best approaches for conducting a successful DDR process with FARC. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................3 C. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................4 D. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................10 E. THESIS OVERVIEW ...................................................................................11 II. DDR IN EL SALVADOR AND SOUTH AFRICA ................................................13 A. DDR IN EL SALVADOR ..............................................................................13 1. Introduction ........................................................................................13 2. DDR in El Salvador: Actors and Human Rights Issues .................14 a. Actors .......................................................................................14 b. Human Rights .........................................................................16 3. DDR in El Salvador: Four Guiding Principles................................17 a. National Leadership and Responsibility ................................17 b. DDR as a Process ....................................................................18 c. Security and Stabilization .......................................................18 d. Learn from Past Experiences .................................................19 4. Conclusions .........................................................................................19 a. Similarities with Colombia .....................................................21 B. DDR IN SOUTH AFRICA ............................................................................22 1. Introduction ........................................................................................22 2. South Africa’s Conflict: Actors and Human Rights Issues ...........23 a. Actors .......................................................................................24 b. Human Rights Violations .......................................................28 3. DDR in South Africa: Four Guiding Principles ..............................29 a. National Leadership and Responsibility ................................29 b. DDR as a Process ....................................................................30 c. Security and Stabilization .......................................................32 d. Learn from Past Experiences .................................................32 4. Conclusions .........................................................................................33 a. Similarities with Colombia .....................................................34 III. COLOMBIA’S EXPERIENCE IN DDR FROM THE END OF LA VIOLENCIA IN 1958 TO THE DEMOBILIZATION OF THE INSURGENT GROUP M19 IN THE LATE 1980s .........................................................................35