Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 1 Development of the PC 5 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 19 3 Processor Types and Specifications 29 4 Motherboards and Buses 155 5 BIOS 263 UPGRADING 6 Memory 325 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 377 AND 8 Magnetic Storage Principles 439 9 Hard Disk Storage 461 REPAIRING PCs 10 Flash and Removable Storage 507 21st Edition 11 Optical Storage 525 12 Video Hardware 609 13 Audio Hardware 679 14 External I/O Interfaces 703 15 Input Devices 739 16 Internet Connectivity 775 17 Local Area Networking 799 18 Power Supplies 845 19 Building or Upgrading Systems 929 20 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 975 Index 1035 Scott Mueller 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Upgrading.indb i 2/15/13 10:33 AM Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 21st Edition Editor-in-Chief Greg Wiegand Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Acquisitions Editor All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval Rick Kughen system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Development Editor recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent Todd Brakke liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Managing Editor Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the Sandra Schroeder publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any Project Editor liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained Mandie Frank herein. Copy Editor ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-5000-6 Sheri Cain ISBN-10: 0-7897-5000-7 Indexer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data in on file. 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For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 [email protected] For sales outside of the U.S., please contact International Sales [email protected] Upgrading.indb ii 2/15/13 10:33 AM Contents Introduction 1 1 Development of the PC 5 Computer History: Before Personal Processor Manufacturing 69 Computers 5 Processor Re-Marking 74 Timeline 5 PGA Chip Packaging 74 Electronic Computers 10 Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Modern Computers 10 Processor Packaging 75 From Tubes to Transistors 11 Processor Socket and Slot Types 75 Integrated Circuits 13 Socket 478 78 History of the PC 14 Socket LGA775 79 Birth of the Personal Computer 14 Socket LGA1156 80 The IBM Personal Computer 15 Socket LGA1366 81 The PC Industry 30 Years Later 16 Socket LGA1155 82 Socket LGA2011 83 2 PC Components, Features, and Socket 939 and 940 83 System Design 19 Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ 84 Socket F (1207FX) 86 What Is a PC? 19 Socket FM1 86 Who Controls PC Software? 20 Socket FM2 86 Who Controls PC Hardware? 23 CPU Operating Voltages 87 White-Box Systems 26 Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) 87 System Types 26 Processor Bugs and Steppings 88 System Components 28 Processor Code Names 88 3 Processor Types and P1 (086) Processors 89 Specifications 29 P2 (286) Processors 90 P3 (386) Processors 91 Microprocessor History 29 P4 (486) Processors 92 The First Microprocessor 29 P5 (586) Processors 93 PC Processor Evolution 32 AMD-K5 96 16-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture Evolution 34 Intel P6 (686) Processors 96 Processor Specifications 35 Pentium Pro Processors 97 Data I/O Bus 42 Pentium II Processors 97 Address Bus 42 Pentium III 99 Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 44 Celeron 100 Processor Modes 44 Intel Pentium 4 Processors 101 Processor Benchmarks 49 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 104 Comparing Processor Performance 49 Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Cache Memory 53 Edition 106 Processor Features 60 Intel Core Processors 108 System Management Mode (SMM) 60 Intel Core 2 Family 108 Superscalar Execution 61 Intel (Nehalem) Core i Processors 110 MMX Technology 62 AMD K6 Processors 114 Dynamic Execution 64 NexGen Nx586 114 Dual Independent Bus Architecture 65 AMD-K6 Series 116 HT Technology 65 AMD K7 Processors 117 Multicore Technology 66 AMD Athlon 117 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization AMD Duron 118 Support 68 Upgrading.indb iii 2/15/13 10:33 AM iv Contents This is the Chapter Title AMD Athlon XP 118 Intel 96x Series 204 Athlon MP 120 Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets 205 AMD K8 Processors 120 Intel 5x Series Chipsets 208 AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 120 Intel 6x Series Chipsets 211 AMD Sempron 124 Intel 7x Series Chipsets 213 AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX 125 Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors 215 AMD K10 Processors (Phenom, Phenom II, SiS Chipsets 215 Athlon II, Athlon X2, Sempron) 126 ULi Electronics Chipsets 215 AMD “Bulldozer” and “Piledriver” FX ATI Chipsets 216 Processors 128 VIA Chipsets 216 AMD Fusion/HSA (Heterogeneous Systems NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors 216 Architecture) APUs 131 Chipsets for AMD Processors 217 Processor Upgrades 132 AMD Athlon Chipsets 217 Overclocking 133 AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets 218 Quartz Crystals 134 AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset 219 Modern PC Clocks 136 AMD (Formerly ATI) Chipsets for Athlon Overclocking Tips 138 64, Sempron, Phenom 220 Unlocking Cores 139 Third-Party Chipsets for AMD Bus Speeds and Multipliers 140 Processors 226 Processor Cooling 142 VIA Chipsets 226 Heatsinks 143 SiS Chipsets 227 Liquid Cooling 148 NVIDIA Chipsets 227 Thermally Advantaged Chassis 149 Super I/O Chips 228 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 151 Motherboard Connectors 228 System Bus Types, Functions, and 4 Motherboards and Buses 155 Features 239 Motherboard Form Factors 155 The Processor Bus (FSB) 245 Obsolete Form Factors 156 Types of I/O Buses 245 ATX and Other Modern Form Factors 167 The ISA Bus 245 Processor Sockets/Slots 178 The Micro Channel Bus 246 Chipsets 181 The EISA Bus 246 Chipset Evolution 181 Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, Intel Chipsets 183 AGP) 246 Intel Chipset Model Numbers 184 System Resources 254 Intel Integrated Graphics Architecture 185 Interrupts 254 AMD Integrated Graphics DMA Channels 259 Architecture 185 I/O Port Addresses 259 Traditional North/South Bridge Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing Architecture 185 What to Look For) 260 Hub Architecture 187 Chipset Documentation 262 HyperTransport and Other Processor/ Chipset Interconnects 188 5 BIOS 263 Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 190 BIOS Basics 263 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Motherboard ROM BIOS 267 Chipsets 190 ROM Hardware 267 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) ROM Shadowing 269 Chipsets 192 ROM Chip Types 269 Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, ROM BIOS Manufacturers 273 Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets 195 BIOS Hardware/Software 274 Intel 915 Family 202 Upgrading the BIOS 274 Intel 925X Family 203 Where to Get Your BIOS Update 275 Intel 945 Express Family 203 Determining Your BIOS Version 275 Intel 955X and 975X Family 204 Checking the BIOS Date 275 Upgrading.indb iv 2/15/13 10:33 AM This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOM of the Page Contents v Backing Up Your BIOS 276 Memory Module Speed 357 Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Parity and ECC 357 Settings 276 Parity Checking 359 Upgrading a Flash BIOS 277 How Parity Checking Works 359 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 285 ECC 360 Preboot Environment 287 RAM Upgrades 361 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Upgrade Options and Strategies 362 (UEFI) 289 Purchasing Memory 364 UEFI and BIOS Limitations 290 Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity UEFI Support 291 Versions 366 BIOS Setup 292 Installing Memory Modules 366 Running or Accessing the BIOS Setup Troubleshooting Memory 368 Program 292 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 372 BIOS Setup Menus 292 The System Logical Memory Layout 374 Maintenance Menu 293 Main Menu 294 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 377 Advanced Menus 295 An Overview of the IDE Interface 377 Security Menu 311 Precursors to IDE 377 Power Menu 312 IDE Origins 378 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 314 Origins of ATA 379 Exit Menu 315 ATA Standards 380 Additional BIOS Setup Features 316 ATA-1 (ATA Interface for Disk Drives) 382 PnP BIOS 317 ATA-2 (ATA Interface with PnP Device IDs 318 Extensions-2) 382 ACPI 318 ATA-3 (ATA Interface-3) 383 BIOS/MBR Error Messages 319 ATA/ATAPI-4 (ATA with Packet Interface BIOS Boot Error Messages 320 Extension-4) 383 MBR Boot Error Messages 322 ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA with Packet Interface-5) 384 6 Memory 325 ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA with Packet Memory Basics 325 Interface-6) 385 ROM 327 ATA/ATAPI-7 (ATA with Packet DRAM 327 Interface-7) 386 Cache Memory: SRAM 329 ATA/ATAPI-8 386 Memory Standards