9 Case Studies Coordinating Lead Authors: Virginia Murray (UK), Gordon McBean (Canada), Mihir Bhatt (India) Lead Authors: Sergey Borsch (Russian Federation), Tae Sung Cheong (Republic of Korea), Wadid Fawzy Erian (Egypt), Silvia Llosa (Peru), Farrokh Nadim (Norway), Mario Nunez (Argentina), Ravsal Oyun (Mongolia), Avelino G. Suarez (Cuba) Review Editors: John Hay (New Zealand), Mai Trong Nhuan (Vietnam), Jose Moreno (Spain) Contributing Authors: Peter Berry (Canada), Harriet Caldin (UK), Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum (UK / WHO), Catriona Carmichael (UK), Anita Cooper (UK), Cherif Diop (Senegal), Justin Ginnetti (USA), Delphine Grynzspan (France), Clare Heaviside (UK), Jeremy Hess (USA), James Kossin (USA), Paul Kovacs (Canada), Sari Kovats (UK), Irene Kreis (Netherlands), Reza Lahidji (France), Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer (USA), Felipe Lucio (Mozambique), Simon Mason (USA), Sabrina McCormick (USA), Reinhard Mechler (Germany), Bettina Menne (Germany / WHO), Soojeong Myeong (Republic of Korea), Arona Ngari (Cook Islands), Neville Nicholls (Australia), Ursula Oswald Spring (Mexico), Pascal Peduzzi (Switzerland), Rosa Perez (Philippines), Caroline Rodgers (Canada), Hannah Rowlatt (UK), Sohel Saikat (UK), Sonia Seneviratne (Switzerland), Addis Taye (UK), Richard Thornton (Australia), Sotiris Vardoulakis (UK), Koko Warner (Germany), Irina Zodrow (Switzerland / UNISDR) This chapter should be cited as: Murray, V., G. McBean, M. Bhatt, S. Borsch, T.S. Cheong, W.F. Erian, S. Llosa, F. Nadim, M. Nunez, R. Oyun, and A.G. Suarez, 2012: Case studies. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 487-542. 487 Case Studies Chapter 9 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................489 9.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................490 9.2. Case Studies .............................................................................................................................492 9.2.1. European Heat Waves of 2003 and 2006.........................................................................................................................492 9.2.2. Response to Disaster Induced by Hot Weather and Wildfires .........................................................................................496 9.2.3. Managing the Adverse Consequences of Drought ..........................................................................................................498 9.2.4. Recent Dzud Disasters in Mongolia .................................................................................................................................500 9.2.5. Cyclones: Enabling Policies and Responsive Institutions for Community Action ............................................................502 9.2.6. Managing the Adverse Consequences of Floods .............................................................................................................505 9.2.7. Disastrous Epidemic Disease: The Case of Cholera .........................................................................................................507 9.2.8. Coastal Megacities: The Case of Mumbai ........................................................................................................................510 9.2.9. Small Island Developing States: The Challenge of Adaptation .......................................................................................512 9.2.10. Changing Cold Climate Vulnerabilities: Northern Canada...............................................................................................514 9.2.11. Early Warning Systems: Adapting to Reduce Impacts .....................................................................................................517 9.2.12. Effective Legislation for Multilevel Governance of Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation .......................................519 9.2.13. Risk Transfer: The Role of Insurance and Other Instruments in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in Developing Countries..............................................522 9.2.14. Education, Training, and Public Awareness Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation..............................526 9.3. Synthesis of Lessons Identified from Case Studies .................................................................529 References ...............................................................................................................................................530 488 Chapter 9 Case Studies Executive Summary Case studies contribute more focused analyses which, in the context of human loss and damage, demonstrate the effectiveness of response strategies and prevention measures and identify lessons about success in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The case studies were chosen to complement and be consistent with the information in the preceding chapters, and to demonstrate aspects of the key messages in the Summary for Policymakers and the Hyogo Framework for Action Priorities. The case studies were grouped to examine types of extreme events, vulnerable regions, and methodological approaches. For the extreme event examples, the first two case studies pertain to events of extreme temperature with moisture deficiencies in Europe and Australia and their impacts including on health. These are followed by case studies on drought in Syria and dzud, cold-dry conditions in Mongolia. Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Mesoamerica, and then floods in Mozambique are discussed in the context of community actions. The last of the extreme events case studies is about disastrous epidemic disease, using the case of cholera in Zimbabwe, as the example. The case studies chosen to reflect vulnerable regions demonstrate how a changing climate provides significant concerns for people, societies, and their infrastructure. These are: Mumbai as an example of a coastal megacity; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, as an example of small island developing states with special challenges for adaptation; and Canada’s northern regions as an example of cold climate vulnerabilities focusing on infrastructures. Four types of methodologies or approaches to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) are presented. Early warning systems; effective legislation; risk transfer in developing countries; and education, training, and public awareness initiatives are the approaches demonstrated. The case studies demonstrate that current disaster risk management (DRM) and CCA policies and measures have not been sufficient to avoid, fully prepare for, and respond to extreme weather and climate events, but these examples demonstrate progress. A common factor was the need for greater information on risks before the events occur, that is, early warnings. The implementation of early warning systems does reduce loss of lives and, to a lesser extent, damage to property and was identified by all the extreme event case studies (heat waves, wildfires, drought, dzud, cyclones, floods, and epidemic disease) as key to reducing impacts from extreme events. A need for improving international cooperation and investments in forecasting was recognized in some of the case studies but equally the need for regional and local early warning systems was heavily emphasized, particularly in developing countries. A further common factor identified overall was that it is better to invest in preventative-based DRR plans, strategies, and tools for adaptation than in response to extreme events. Greater investments in proactive hazard and vulnerability reduction measures, as well as development of capacities to respond and recover from the events were demonstrated to have benefits. Specific examples for planning for extreme events included increased emphasis on drought preparedness; planning for urban heat waves; and tropical cyclone DRM strategies and plans in coastal regions that anticipate these events. However, as illustrated by the small island developing states case study, it was also identified that DRR planning approaches continue to receive less emphasis than disaster relief and recovery. One recurring theme is the value of investments in knowledge and information, including observational and monitoring systems, for cyclones, floods, droughts, heat waves, and other events from early warnings to clearer understanding of health and livelihood impacts. In all cases, the point is made that with greater information available it would be possible to know the risks better and ensure that response strategies were adequate to face the coming threat. Research improves our knowledge, especially when it integrates the natural, social, health, and engineering sciences and their applications. The case studies have reviewed past events and identified lessons which could be considered for the future. Preparedness through DDR and DRM can help to adapt to climate change and these case studies offer examples of measures that could be taken to reduce the damage that is inflicted