per ConcordiamJournal of European Security and Defense Issues “EUROPLOT” DISSECTED CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE Germany’s radicalization challenges Innovation in NATO member states CHANGING MINDS PLUS Deradicalizing violent extremists Afghan Silk Road initiative YOUTH EXTREMISM Serbia’s role in Europe Europe stresses early prevention Blocking European drug flow STOPPING THE SPREAD OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM Table of Contents features ON THE COVER PER CONCORDIAM ILLUSTRATION As recent events in France and Norway suggest, violent extremism remains a problem for Europe. But countering the scourge isn’t just a matter of police and intelligence work. Governments are focusing on addressing radicalization among the young before it can grow into full-fledged violence. 18 10 Rehabilitating 18 The Jihadist Threat 28 A Focus on Youth Radicals in Germany By Ralph D. Heinz and Lt. Oliver Bühring By Professor Hamed El-Said, By Dr. Guido Steinberg, Manchester Metropolitan University German Institute for International Programs across Europe Muslim countries use and Security Affairs confront right-wing, innovative approaches to Investigators foil plots by left-wing and Islamic reform potentially violent German-speaking extremists radicalization. ideologues. to attack their homeland. 17 A Human Approach 24 Obstacles 34 Lessons from By per Concordiam Staff to Profiling Great Britain Former adversaries preach By per Concordiam Staff By James K. Wither, Marshall Center the virtures of tolerance to Identifying terrorists before The British Prevent program counter terrorism. they strike remains an strives to counteract violent inexact science. extremism. departments COOPERATION 40 NATO Centres of Excellence The Alliance sponsors 18 multinational hubs of innovation to tackle security threats. 42 Serbia's European Home Serbian leaders adopt a more accommodating stance in pursuit of EU affiliation. in every issue SECURITY 4 DIrECTOr’S LETTEr 46 Frontex Moves 5 CONTrIBUTOrS Front and Center Stemming the flow of illegal 6 IN THIS ISSUE migration into Europe requires 7 LETTErS TO THE EDITOr a joint approach. 8 VIEWpOINT 65 BOOK rEVIEW 50 Combating Narcotics Multinational partnerships 66 CALENDAr take the fight against heroin and cocaine into 34 Central Asia and Africa. POLICY 54 Creating a New Silk Road Afghanistan envisions a lucrative future as a regional transit hub for Central Asia. 58 Stopping WMD Proliferation By Svetlana Geleva and Edvard Mitevski, Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs Macedonia fulfills international obligations to block the spread of dangerous weapons. 46 54 DIrECTOr'S LETTEr Welcome to the 13th issue of per Concordiam, in which we encourage readers to seek a deeper understanding of the topic of violent extremism. It is our hope that this issue will help develop cooperative approaches to dealing with this global threat to peace and stability. It is important to note the Marshall Center’s recent efforts toward building a better understanding of violent extremism. In September 2012, the Marshall Center hosted a Senior Executive Seminar in conjunction with NATO’s International Senior Enlisted Seminar. The seminar’s title was “Beyond Al Qaeda: How to Understand and Counter Violent Extremism.” These events provided a forum for interactive discussion and collaborative study facilitated by scholars, practitioners, and senior civilian and military leaders. During six days of study, participants focused on the contributing factors of violent extremism. The Marshall Center set the stage to help current and future policymakers shape a common understanding of this very complex topic. Here are a few key ideas to ponder as you read this quarter’s magazine: Keith W. Dayton Director, George C. Marshall European • Violent extremism remains a significant transnational problem Center for Security Studies with deep roots in increasingly globalized societies. The spread of violent extremism threatens not only domestic security but also the Keith W. Dayton retired as a security of whole regions as well. Lieutenant General from the U.S. • Extremist ideology, whether religiously or politically motivated, is Army in late 2010 after more a key driver of violence throughout the world. Although sources than 40 years of service. His last of radicalization may vary from culture to culture, extremists assignment on active duty was as nurtured on those ideologies can strike at the core of any society. U.S. Security Coordinator to Israel • The past two years have seen notable successes against violent and the Palestinian Authority in extremists. The world has an opportunity to sustain the Jerusalem. An artillery officer by momentum gained by the deaths of many violent extremist training, he also has served as leaders, most notably Osama bin Laden. Evidence is emerging that mainstream Muslims increasingly reject radical religious narrative. politico-military staff officer for the Army in Washington, D.C., and Never forget that extremists of all persuasions pose a danger to global security. U.S. defense attaché in Russia. This subject must be examined with due diligence. Fighting violent extremism He worked as director of the Iraqi must be done with determination but also with insight. All of us can assist each Survey Group for Operation Iraqi other in developing a better understanding of this complex issue. Therefore, Freedom in Iraq. He earned a we welcome comments and perspectives on violent extremism and will include Senior Service College Fellowship your responses in future editions of the journal. Our email address is editor@ to Harvard University and served perconcordiam.org as the Senior Army Fellow on Our next edition will center on the theme of NATO’s future. We will discuss the Council on Foreign Relations NATO’s current status and how it can evolve to meet the security environment of the future. The following issue will highlight perspectives on Turkey and how its in New York. Gen. Dayton has defense and security posture influences overall European security. a bachelor’s degree in history from the College of William and Mary, a master’s degree in history from Cambridge University and Sincerely, another in international relations from the University of Southern California. Keith W. Dayton Director 4 per Concordiam CONTrIBUTOrS per Journal of European Security Lt. Oliver Bühring completed an internship in the fall of 2012 at the Marshall Center that and Defense Issues focused on analyzing security and defense issues impacting Europe and Eurasia. He is a graduate student at the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich, where he is pursuing a master’s degree in political and social sciences with a major in international law and politics. His military specialization is intelligence and reconnaissance. Prior to his Countering Violent Extremism assignment at the university, he graduated from the Officer School of the German Army. Volume 4, Issue 1 Hamed El-Said is chairman and professor of international business and political economy at the Manchester Metropolitan University Business School in the United Kingdom. He’s George C. Marshall an advisor to the United Nations 1267 al-Qaida Taliban Monitoring Team and to the Arab European Center for Thought Forum, founded and chaired by Prince Hassan ben Talal of Jordan. Professor Security Studies El-Said is best known for his work on economic and political reforms in the Arab world; links between development and good governance and political instability, conflict and terrorism; Leadership and radicalization, counterradicalization and deradicalization. Keith W. Dayton Director Svetlana Geleva is head of the UN Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Hermann Wachter Republic of Macedonia. She has also held a number of other leadership posts in the German Deputy Director Foreign Affairs Ministry, including overseeing the Department for European Countries and the Department for Multilateral Affairs. Earlier in her career, she supervised Macedonian Dr. James C. MacDougall participation in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. She graduated U.S. Deputy Director from the University of Belgrade in 1987. Marshall Center Ralph D. Heinz attended the Marshall Center in the fall of 2012, where he completed an The George C. Marshall European Center internship on security and defense in Europe and Eurasia. After studying mathematics, for Security Studies is a German-American economics and law in Regensburg, Munich and Bordeaux, he became a lawyer in Germany partnership founded in 1993. The center specializing in international public law and human rights. He has also worked as a legal advisor promotes dialogue and understanding be- in humanitarian aid affairs for The Johanniter, a German nongovernmental organization and tween European, Eurasian, North American charity, and in energy and security law for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. and other nations. The theme of its resident courses and outreach events: Most 21st century security challenges require inter- national, interagency and interdisciplinary Cecilia Malmström is the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs, a job in which she has response and cooperation. focused on police cooperation, border control, asylum and migration, including efforts to create a joint immigration policy acceptable to all European Union member states. She was the Swedish minister for EU affairs from 2006 to 2010 and a member of the European Parliament from 2001 to 2006. Commissioner Malmström earned a bachelor’s degree and a doctorate in