Crossroads Alaska Native Cultures Arctic Studies Center { National Museum of Natural History I Smithsonian institution " | \ Washington, D.C. Crossroads Alaska Native Cultures ^ ofAlaska and Siberia 5 IC 5<^S Valerie Chaussonnet Arctic Studies Center National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 1995 Captions indicate the largest dimension, ofthe height, length, width, or diameter ofthe artifact Cover Photos: Bock Cover. Top Left. Inside Front Chaussonnet, Valerie Cover. Udegei shamans Western Thule culture Crossroads Alaska: native cultures of Alaska drum cover from (Eskimo) ivory Udegei shaman- and Siberia / Valerie Chaussonnet. Khor River, Amur woman with hair in ancestorfigure River region, Russia, bun, collected in riding his helping 112 pp. 21.59 X 29.68 cm. from the late 1800s. Punuk Island, spirit, collected in Made of birch hark, Alaska, by Henry B. 1959 by V.G. Lar'kin Includes bibliographical references. cotton, pigment, and Collins in 1929, in the village of - leather. Vladivostok dated at about A.D. Gvasiugi. The wood- 1 . Eskimos - Alaska - Material culture Maritime Museum, 1000. #A342783. en shaman is dressed Exhibitions. 2. Eskimos - Russia - Siberia - Russia. #2180-8a. 3. 7 cm. See also in leather andfur. Material culture - Exhibitions. 3. Indians of ~ 74 cm. See also 65. This is a powerful North America - Alaska - Material culture - p. , . protector for the prac- Exhibitions. 4. Eskimo art - Alaska- P-73. _ ticing shaman, as it Exhibitions. 5. Eskimo art - Russia - Middle Left. represents a shaman Siberia - Exhibitions. 6. Indian Art -Alaska Bottom Center. traveling to the world - Exhibitions. I. Title. Ulchi Khaka doll ofspirits on the back Asian Eskimo made from paper, ofhis helping spirit, a E99.E7C525 1995 ' float plugfrom Big yarn, andfabric, by tiger-like beast. 979.8'004971-dc20 Diomede Island, G. Kuisali, Amur Vladivostok 95-804 Russia, collected in River, Siberia, 1991. Maritime Museum, CIP 1885 by F.K. Gek, The body with the Russia, #4511-19. made ofwood and head is inserted into 35-5 cm (beast) and blue glass beads for a slit in the dress at 27 cm (shaman). This catalogue is set in Adobe Caramond the eyes. Vladivostok the neck. Khabarovsk See also p. 75. and Futura Bold. Maritime Museum, Regional Museum, Russia, #1132-34. 7 Russia, #VX3/14. Printing: Upstate Litho cm. See also p. 93. 12 cm. See also p. 57. Inside Bock Design: Harp and Company Cover. Botton Right. Tlingit shaman with dagger and typically Athapaskan (Ingalik) long shamans hair night and day mask style, from the late from the Kuskokwim 1800s. National River, Alaska, 1879, Museum ofNatural made ofwood, pig- History, Smithsonian ments, andfeathers. Institution, National Museum E73837. 24 cm. ofNatural History, See also p. 72. Smithsonian Institution, #E64242. 47 cm. See also p. 74. 2 . Acknowledgement's Crossroads Alaska was born out of a The lending museums and institutions Suzi Jones, Cynthia Jones, Leonard larger "Crossroads" concept, which was first for the exhibition are: the National Museum Kammerling, Bruce Kato, Paula Kaufman, developed through the major international of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Mike Kelton, Basile Kerblay, Gennadii exhibition Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Wishington, D.C; the National Museum and Tatiana Khokhorin, Richard Kilday, Rich Siberia and Alaska (1988-1992), and through of the American Indian, Smithsonian Kleinleder, Richard A. Knecht, Vera Vasil'evna a symposium held in Washington, D.C., in Institution, New York; the University of Kobko, Kathryn Kolkhorst Ruddy, Aleksandr September 1988, both under the leadership of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks; the Koniag Area K. Koniapatskii, Michael E. Krauss, Holly the Smithsonian Institutions Arctic Studies Native Association, Kodiak, Alaska; the Krieg, Igor Krupnik, Georgii Gavrilovich Center. Two volumes were published, the Arsenev Maritime State Museum, Kudelin, Vladislav M. Ladishev, Dinah exhibition catalogue (edited by William W. Vladivostok; the Saklialin Regional Museum, Larsen, Joe Leahy, Aleksandr Lebedintsev, Fitzhugh and Aron Crowell), and the acts of luzhno-Sakhalinsk; the Arsenev Regional Molly Lee, Mary-Jane Lenz, Ted Levin, the symposium under the title Anthropology Museum, Khabarovsk; the Northeastern Glenda Lindley, Jon Loring, Eve Macintyre, ofthe North Pacific Rim (edited by William W. Interdisciplinary Research Center, Magadan; Martha Madsen, Ron Manook, Reed Martin, Fitzhugh and Valerie Chaussonnet). The idea and the Kamchatka Regional Museum, Rolando Mayen, Laura McLean, for Crossroads Alaska, a more compact and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski i Pamela Moore, Emanuel Morgan, Shirley easily traveled exhibition, came from regret at Moses, Bradford Nageak, David Neakok, being unable to bring the original Crossroads We wish to acknowledge Russian-American Valerie Jean Nelson, David Norton, Victoria exhibit to locations where the artifacts origi- scientific cooperation and friendship in Oliver, Aleksandr Oriakov, Darlene Orr, nated (except, in Alaska, at the Anchorage arctic matters, in particular the persistence Natalia Pavlovna Otki, Ol'ga Pavlova, Robert Museum of History and Art). of the Sakhalin Museum team and the Perantoni, Betsy Pitzman, Aleksei K. vision of the Arctic Studies Center at the Ponomarenko, Anna Aleksandrovna Crossroads Alaska was organized by the Smithsonian Institution for making this Ponomareva, Roger Powers, Andrei Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of exhibition happen. Valentinovich Ptashinskii, Gordon L. Puilar, Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, George Quist, Diane Rathman, Rosemary under the direction of William W. Fitzhugh, For their support, assistance, and Regan, Chris Reinecke, Carol Renter, and curated by Valerie Chaussonnet. encouragement, we wish to thank the James Renter, Paul Rhymer, Svetlana Pavlovna following individuals: Brenda Abney, Glenn Rozhnova, Susan Rowley, Caroline Sadler, The exhibition was designed, edited, and Adams, Harry Adams, Eduard Efimovich Bernard Saladin d Anglure, Peter and Saltanat produced by the Office of Exhibits Central, Alekseev, Galina Aleksandrovna Aleksiuk, Schweitzer, Linda Shea, Valerii Orionovich Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Helen Alten, Alvin Amason, Terence Shubin, Ol'ga Alekseevna Shubina, John Armstrong, Sergei Aleksandrovich Arutiunov, Siske, Sergei Slobodin, Liz Smalls, Tim Smith, The Alaska tour was coordinated by Mark O. Badger, James H. Barker, Fran^oise Ben Snoufifer, Aleksandr Bagmoevich Coordinator Extraordinaire Jean Flanagan Barlesi, Hugh Bennett, Steve Bouta, Karen Soktoev, Walter Sorrell, Mary Stachelrodt, Carlo, Fairbanks, Alaska. Brewster, Marga Bufifard, Pat Burke, Todd Tim Stone, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Tag'ek, Burrier, Vladimir Valer'evich Bychkov, J.B. Tasian Tein, Sue Thorsen, Ted Timreck, Funding and assistance were provided by: Bynum, Harold Campbell, Glen and Elena Anton Tynel', Anthony Valentine, C^atharine the Alaska Humanities Forum; the Alaska Carlo, Rosemary Carlton, James Carr, Valentour, Walter VanHorn, Ruslan State Council on the Arts; the Alaska State Helene Carrere d'Encausse, Sue Carter, Alex Sergeevich Vasil'evskii, Igor Vorobei, Alvina Museums, Juneau, and Sheldon Jackson Castro, Wanda Chin, Lora Collins, Peter Voropaeva, Tibor Wildner, William Museum, Sitka; the Anchorage Museum of Corey, Aron Crowell, Liudmila Mikhailovna Walton, Eric Wishington, Betsy Webb, Kim History and Art; British Petroleum; Danilina, Hazel Daro, Richard and Nora Wells, Janet Williams, Pat Wolf, Rosita the Department of Anthropology, National Dauenhauer, Mark Daughhetee, Valerie Worl, Miranda Wright, Kenneth Young, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Davidson, Anatolii Panteleevich Derevianko, Jocelyn Young, and Jon Zastrow. Institution; the City of Fairbanks Hotel/Motel Koji Deriha, Dominique Desson, Eileen Bed Tax Fund; the Friends of the Alaska Devinney, Terry P. Dickey, Edith Dietze, Special thanks to my parents Colette and State Museum; the Friends of the University Nikolai N. Dikov, E. James Dixon, Pierre Chaussonnet, and to my husband of Alaska Museum; Man and the Biosphere; Bernadette Driscoll, Nancy Eddy, Sarah Norman R. Dorsett. the National Endowment for the Arts; Elder, Danny Fielding, Ann Fienup-Riordan, the National Park Service, Anchorage, and Jean Flanagan Carlo, Joseph Engel, Marnie Fhis catalogue was edited by the Bcringian International Park project; Forbis, Paul Gardinicr, Martinc de Gaudemar, Rosemary Regan. the National Science Foundation; the Craig Gerlach, Nelson H.H. Graburn, The artifacts were photographed by Smithsonian Institution Special Exhibition Jana Harcharek, Mike Headley, Steve Carl Hansen and Laurie Penland, Fund; the University of Alaska Museum, Henrikson, Gail Hollingcr, Chang-su National Museum of Natural History, Fairbanks; and Young and Associates. Houchins, Jerry Howard, Karlin Ichoak, Smithsonian Institution. Mina A. Jacobs, Teresa John, Aldona Jonaitis, Catalogue design by Harp and C^ompany. 3 A la memoire de mon ami, Andris Slapins. Table of Contents 6 Preface, William W. Fitzhugh 8 Introduction, Valerie Chaussonnet 10 Native Cultures of Siberia and Alaska 10 Inupiaq, ]a}ia Hairharek and Rachel Craig 12 Yupik, Larry Kairaiunk and Darlene Orr 14 Alutiiq, Gordon L. Pullar and Richard A. Knecht 16 Aleut, Barbara Svarny Carbon 18 Athapaskan, Melinda Chase, Miranda Wright, and Bernice Joseph 20 Tlingit, Nora Marks Danenhauer and Richard Danenhaiier 22 Native peoples of the Russian Far East and Chukotka, Igor Krupnik 24 Siberian Yupik, Igor Knipnik