Plant-based (Camelina Sativa) biodiesel manufacturing using the technology of Instant Controlled pressure Drop (DIC) : process performance and biofuel quality Fanar Bamerni To cite this version: Fanar Bamerni. Plant-based (Camelina Sativa) biodiesel manufacturing using the technology of In- stant Controlled pressure Drop (DIC) : process performance and biofuel quality. Chemical and Process Engineering. Université de La Rochelle, 2018. English. NNT : 2018LAROS004. tel-02009827 HAL Id: tel-02009827 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02009827 Submitted on 6 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NIVERSITÉ DE LA ROCHELLE UFR des SCIENCES et TECHNOLOGIE Année: 2018 Numéro attribué par la bibliothèque: THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LA ROCHELLE Discipline : Génie des Procédés Industriels Présentée et soutenue par Fanar Mohammed Saleem Amin BAMERNI Le 23 février 2018 TITRE: Procédé de Fabrication de Biodiesel assistée par Texturation par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC) de Camelina Sativa : Performance des Procédés et Qualité du Produit. Plant-Based (Camelina Sativa) Biodiesel Manufacturing Using the Technology of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC); Process performance and biofuel Quality. Dirigée par : Professeur Ibtisam KAMAL et Professeur Karim ALLAF JURY: Rapporteurs: M. Farid CHEMAT, Professeur, Université d’Avignon - France M. Eugene VOROBIEV, Professeur, Université de Technologie de Compiègne - France Examinateur: M. Omar BARKAT, Ex-Professeur d’Université, Expert en Ingénierie Pétrochimique - USA Mme Colette BESOMBES, Docteure, MCF Université de La Rochelle - France Directeurs: M. Karim ALLAF, Professeur, Université de La Rochelle - France Mme Ibtisam KAMAL, Professeure, Université de Soran - Irak Dedication To My Merciful Mother .............................................. The Soul of My Father ............................................ My Teachers .......................................................... My Dear Brother and Sisters .................................. And All My Friends ................................................. Fanar I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Great thanks to Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate. It is my pleasure to express my deepest thanks and sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Ibtisam Kamal and Prof. Karim Allaf for their advice, scientific suggestions, encouragement, kind assistance and continual guidance throughout the study period. I also extend my gratitude to all the staff members in the University of La Rochelle. I also appreciate the efforts of all staff members in Zakho University. Specially the staff in Department of Chemistry at Faculty of Science. My great thanks and respect to Dr. Yosef from Agriculture College and both of Dr. Jamal from chemistry Department and Dr. Deea from Biology Department at Faculty of Science from Dohuk University. I would like also to thank each of, Mr. Ali El-Tememy in the Ministry of Science and Technology/ Environment and Water Department/ Baghdad, and Mr. Ali Showani, in Kirkuk Refinery, for their help. Finally, I would like to pass my sincere gratitude to my family and all my friends for their love, support and continued encouragement and assistance. II LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1- F. Bamerni, I. Kamal, and K. Allaf, “Swell-Texturing assisted in-situ Transesterification of Camelina Seeds Biodiesel,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 31–44, 2017. 2- F. Bamerni, I. Kamal, and K. Allaf, “Coupling of Texturing/Cooling Using Instant Controlled Pressure Drop and Transesterification for Biodiesel Production from Camelina Sativa,” Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, Vol. 17 no. 2 Version 1.0, 2017. 3- F. Bamerni, I. Kamal, and K. Allaf, “How can “Instantaneous Pressure-Drop DIC” Texture Camelina Seeds, Increase Extraction Yields and Preserve Vegetal Oil Quality?” Global Advanced Research Journal of Engineering, Technology and Innovation, Vol. 6 (1) pp. 001- 011, January, 2018. III LIST OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. II LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................ III LIST OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... XII ABSTRACT…………. ..................................................................................................... 1 1. CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 4 1.1 Fossil fuels and Biofuels ................................................................................ 4 1.2 Biodiesel ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Biodiesel Production ..................................................................................... 7 1.4 Biodiesel Raw Materials ................................................................................ 7 1.5 Aim of the Current Study ............................................................................... 9 2. CHAPTER 2. STATE-OF–THE-ART ........................................................................ 10 2.1 Camelina Sativa ........................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Geographical Distribution of Camelina Sativa .......................................... 11 2.1.2 Description of Camelina Sativa Plant ........................................................ 12 2.1.3 Camelina Sativa Products .......................................................................... 12 2.1.3.1 Camelina Seed Oil ............................................................................... 12 2.1.3.2 Camelina Cake .................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 Potential Uses and Industrial Applications for Camelina .......................... 15 2.1.4.1 Human Foods...................................................................................... 16 2.1.4.2 Animal Feeds ...................................................................................... 17 2.1.4.3 Camelina Oil as Feedstock for Renewable Jet Fuel ............................ 17 2.1.4.4 Camelina Oil as Feedstock for Renewable Biodiesel .......................... 18 2.2 Oil Extraction Process .................................................................................. 22 2.2.1 Conventional oil extraction processes ...................................................... 24 2.2.1.1 Pressing .............................................................................................. 24 2.2.1.2 Solvent Extraction............................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Innovative Techniques Used to Assist Extraction Process ........................ 28 2.2.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) ................................................ 28 2.2.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) ............................................... 29 2.2.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) ..................................................... 30 2.2.2.4 Acceleration Solvent Extraction (ASE) ................................................ 30 2.2.2.5 Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction (EAE) .................................................. 31 2.2.2.6 Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) .............................................. 32 2.3 Biodiesel ..................................................................................................... 34 IV 2.3.1 Characteristics of Oils and Fats Used in Biodiesel Production .................. 36 2.3.2 Physical Transformations .......................................................................... 37 2.3.2.1 Direct Use of Oil and Blending............................................................ 37 2.3.2.2 Micro-Emulsion of Oils ....................................................................... 38 2.4 Chemical Transformation ............................................................................ 38 2.4.1 Pyrolysis of Biomass .................................................................................. 38 2.4.2 Biodiesel Production Process .................................................................... 39 2.5 Transesterification of Vegetables Oils .......................................................... 40 2.5.1 Alkali or Base Catalyzed Transesterification ............................................. 43 2.5.2 Acid- Catalyzed Transesterification ........................................................... 46 2.5.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts