INNER EXPERIENCES: THEORY, MEASUREMENT, FREQUENCY, CONTENT, AND FUNCTIONS EDITED BY : Alain Morin, Thomas M. Brinthaupt and Jason D. Runyan PUBLISHED IN : Frontiers in Psychology Frontiers Copyright Statement About Frontiers © Copyright 2007-2016 Frontiers Media SA. All rights reserved. Frontiers is more than just an open-access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a pioneering All content included on this site, approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly research such as text, graphics, logos, button icons, images, video/audio clips, is managed. The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have an equal downloads, data compilations and software, is the property of or is opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge. Frontiers provides immediate and licensed to Frontiers Media SA permanent online open access to all its publications, but this alone is not enough to (“Frontiers”) or its licensees and/or subcontractors. 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With their The above represents a summary unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers only. For the full conditions see the Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical Conditions for Authors and the Conditions for Website Use. advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers ISSN 1664-8714 Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial ISBN 978-2-88919-771-2 DOI 10.3389/978-2-88919-771-2 Office:[email protected] Frontiers in Psychology 1 February 2016 | Inner Experiences INNER EXPERIENCES: THEORY, MEASUREMENT, FREQUENCY, CONTENT, AND FUNCTIONS Topic Editors: Alain Morin, Mount Royal University, Canada Thomas M. Brinthaupt, Middle Tennessee State University, USA Jason D. Runyan, Indiana Wesleyan University, USA Image: “Topiary Trip” by Famira Racy, © 2015 cc 3.0 One fundamental topic of scientific inquiry in psychology is the study of what William James called the “stream of consciousness”, our ongoing experience of the world and ourselves from within—our inner experiences. These internal states (aka “stimulus-independent thoughts”) include inner speech, mental imagery, feelings, sensory awareness, internally produced sounds or music, unsymbolized thinking, and mentalizing (thinking about others’ mental states). They may occur automatically during mind-wandering (daydreaming) and resting-state episodes, and may focus on one’s past, present, or future (“mental time travel”--e.g., autonoetic consciousness). Inner experiences also may take the form of intrusive or ruminative thoughts. The types, characteristics, frequency, content, and functions of inner experiences have been studied using a variety of traditional methods, among which questionnaires, thought listing procedures (i.e., open-ended self-reports), thinking aloud techniques, and daily dairies. Another approach, articulatory suppression, consists in blocking participants’ use of verbal thinking while completing a given task; deficits indicate that inner speech plays a causal role in normal task completion. Various thought sampling approaches have also been developed in an effort to gather more ecologically valid data. Previous thought sampling studies have relied on beepers that signal participants to report aspects of their inner experiences at random intervals. More recent studies are exploiting smartphone technology to easily and reliably probe randomly occurring inner experiences in large samples of participants. Frontiers in Psychology 2 February 2016 | Inner Experiences These various measures have allowed researchers to learn some fundamental facts about inner experiences. To illustrate, it is becoming increasingly clear that prospection (future-oriented thinking) greatly depends on access to autobiographical memory (past-oriented thinking), where recollection of past scenes is used as a template to formulate plausible future scenarios. The main goal of the present Research Topic was to offer a scientific platform for the dissem- ination of current high-quality research pertaining to inner experiences. Although data on all forms of inner experiences were welcome, reports on recent advances in inner speech research were particularly encouraged. Here are some examples of topics of interest: (1) description and validation of new scales, inventories, questionnaires measuring any form of inner experience; (2) novel uses or improvements of existing measures of inner experiences; (3) development of new smartphone technology facilitating or broadening the use of cell phones to sample inner experiences; (4) frequency, content, and functions of various inner experience; (5) correlations between personality or cognitive variables and any aspects of inner experiences; (6) philosophical or theoretical considerations pertaining to inner experiences; and (7) inner experience changes with age. Citation: Morin, A., Brinthaupt , T. M., Runyan, J. D., eds. (2016). Inner Experiences: Theory, Measurement, Frequency, Content, and Functions. Lausanne: Frontiers Media. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88919-771-2 Frontiers in Psychology 3 February 2016 | Inner Experiences Table of Contents 05 Editorial: Inner Experiences: Theory, Measurement, Frequency, Content, and Functions Alain Morin, Jason D. Runyan and Thomas M. Brinthaupt 07 What goes on in the resting-state? A qualitative glimpse into resting-state experience in the scanner Russell T. Hurlburt, Ben Alderson-Day, Charles Fernyhough and Simone Kühn 23 Inner experience in the scanner: Can high fidelity apprehensions of inner experience be integrated with fMRI? Simone Kühn, Charles Fernyhough, Benjamin Alderson-Day and Russell T. Hurlburt 31 Relations among questionnaire and experience sampling measures of inner speech: A smartphone app study Ben Alderson-Day and Charles Fernyhough 39 Virtues, ecological momentary assessment/intervention and smartphone technology Jason D. Runyan and Ellen G. Steinke 63 Assessing the accuracy of self-reported self-talk Thomas M. Brinthaupt, Scott A. Benson, Minsoo Kang and Zaver D. Moore 75 Self-consciousness concept and assessment in self-report measures Amanda DaSilveira, Mariane L. DeSouza and William B. Gomes 86 The ARSQ 2.0 reveals age and personality effects on mind-wandering experiences B. Alexander Diaz, Sophie Van Der Sluis, Jeroen S. Benjamins, Diederick Stoffers, Richard Hardstone, Huibert D. Mansvelder, Eus J. W. Van Someren and Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen 94 The activity view of inner speech Fernando Martínez-Manrique and Agustín Vicente 107 Inner speech deficits in people with aphasia Peter Langland-Hassan, Frank R. Faries, Michael J. Richardson