Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 03, 2021 Mobile location services for the next generation wireless network Schou, Saowanee Publication date: 2008 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Schou, S. (2008). Mobile location services for the next generation wireless network. IMM-PHD-2008-202 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Mobile location services for the next generation wireless network Saowanee Thongthammachart Schou Kongens Lyngby 2008 IMM-PHD-2008-202 Technical University of Denmark Informatics and Mathematical Modelling Building 321, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Phone +45 45253351, Fax +45 45882673 [email protected] www.imm.dtu.dk TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. PAGE ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. i RESUME .................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 1.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF MOBILE LOCATION SERVICES ......................................... 5 1.1.1 MOBILE NETWORK ................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 MOBILE TERMINAL ................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 MOBILE LOCATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................................. 7 1.1.4 APPLICATION AND CONTENT SERVER ........................................................ 8 1.2 KEY ELEMENTS DETERMINING THE SUCCESS OF A SERVICE ................................. 8 1.2.1 MARKETING.............................................................................................. 10 1.2.2 TECHNOLOGIES......................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 USER EXPERIENCE..................................................................................... 10 1.3 THESIS OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................. 11 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 14 1.4.1 INFORMATION COLLECTION ...................................................................... 17 1.4.1.1 INTERVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS.................................................... 17 1.4.1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY................................................................... 18 1.4.1.3 OTHER INFORMATION COLLECTION ............................................. 20 1.4.2 INFORMATION ANALYSIS........................................................................... 20 1.5 THESIS STRUCTURE.............................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES........................................................ 24 2.1 MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR EVOLUTIONS................................................ 25 2.1.1 EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE GSM FAMILY .................. 26 2.1.1.1 GSM............................................................................................ 26 2.1.1.2 GPRS .......................................................................................... 27 2.1.1.3 EDGE.......................................................................................... 27 2.1.1.4 UMTS ......................................................................................... 28 2.1.1.5 HSDPA ....................................................................................... 29 2.1.1.6 UPGRADING FROM GSM/GPRS TO UMTS AND HSDPA ............ 29 2.1.2 EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CDMA FAMILY ............... 30 2.1.2.1 CDMAONE.................................................................................... 30 2.1.2.2 CDMA2000 ................................................................................ 31 2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE TERMINALS ............................................................... 33 2.3 THE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE AND THE DOMINANCE OF TECHNOLOGY AND USER EXPERIENCE................................................................................................ 34 2.3.1 DIFFERENT GROUPS OF USERS AND THEIR BEHAVIORS .............................. 35 2.3.2 DISCUSSION: IN WHICH PHASE OF THE MOBILE TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE ARE WE NOW? ................................................................................ 37 2.4 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3 MOBILE USER EXPERIENCE .......................................................................... 39 3.1 THE GOALS OF USER EXPERIENCE ........................................................................ 40 3.2 UNDERSTANDING THE USER’S MENTAL MODEL, USER EXPECTATION AND THE USER EXPERIENCE FORMATION ............................................................................ 42 3.3 MAJOR ELEMENTS FORMING THE MOBILE USER EXPERIENCE ............................... 45 3.3.1 AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................... 47 3.3.2 USABILITY AND UTILITY ........................................................................... 47 3.3.3 AESTHETICS.............................................................................................. 48 3.3.4 OFFLINE ISSUES......................................................................................... 48 3.4 THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT OF USE TO THE MOBILE USER EXPERIENCE ..... 49 3.4.1 USERS ....................................................................................................... 50 3.4.2 TASKS ....................................................................................................... 51 3.4.3 TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................... 52 3.4.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................... 53 3.4.5 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................. 54 3.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4 MOBILE LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................. 56 4.1 ACCURACY AND RESPONSE TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR MLS................................ 57 4.1.1 ACCURACY ............................................................................................... 57 4.1.2 RESPONSE TIME......................................................................................... 57 4.1.3 COMPARISON OF ACCURACY AND RESPONSE TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT MOBILE LOCATION SERVICES....................................... 58 4.2 EXISTING LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR CAPABILITIES ........................... 59 4.2.1 CELL-IDENTIFICATION (CELL-ID)............................................................. 59 4.2.2 ENHANCED OBSERVED TIME DIFFERENCE (E-OTD) ................................ 64 4.2.3 OBSERVED TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (OTDOA)............................. 65 4.2.4 ADVANCED FORWARD LINK TRILATERATION (AFLT) ............................. 69 4.2.5 ASSISTED-GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (A-GPS) ................................. 70 4.2.6 HYBRID LOCATION SOLUTION ................................................................... 73 4.2.7 LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES – SUMMARY ................................................... 74 4.3 DISCUSSION: ADOPTION OF MOBILE LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES OF NETWORK OPERATORS IN ASIA AND WESTERN EUROPE ....................................................... 76 4.4 SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5 MOBILE LOCATION SERVICES IN ASIA AND WESTERN EUROPE..................... 80 5.1 CATEGORIZATION OF MOBILE LOCATION SERVICES ............................................. 82 5.2 SERVICES IN ASIA – JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA .................................................. 83 5.2.1 LOCATION BASED INFORMATION SERVICES............................................... 84 5.2.1.1 AREA INFORMATION DELIVERY (I-AREA)..................................... 84 5.2.2 TRACKING AND EMERGENCY SERVICES..................................................... 87 5.2.2.1 IMADOCO SEARCH™.................................................................... 87 5.2.2.2 SAFETY NAVI .............................................................................. 89 5.2.2.3 I-KIDS .........................................................................................