ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Psychedelic Studies 2(1), pp. 5–23 (2018) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2018.002 First published online March 22, 2018 An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology* MICHAEL JAMES WINKELMAN** Retired, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA (Received: November 14, 2017; accepted: January 18, 2018) Background and aims: Psychedelic entity experiences are examined from perspectives of evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Their similarities with other entity experiences illustrate the need for a general biological explanation of entity experiences. Mechanisms are proposed to involve innate modules, operators, and intelligences that underlie ordinary cognitive inferences and provide the basis for supernatural thought. Methods: Comparisons of ayahuasca and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) entity experiences with other types of entity experiences show their fundamental similarities to conceptions of spirit guides, mythological beings, divinities, extraterrestrials, angels, celestial beings, demons, gnomes, dwarfs, elves, and others. Entities exemplify the properties of anthropomorphism, exhibiting qualities of humans. Comparative methods are proposed to identify common features and differences in psychedelic and other entity experiences. Results: Features of psychedelic entities reflect the functions of principal innate operators and modules (i.e., animacy detection, social role inferences, and mind reading) that have central roles in the explanation of the genesis of spirit experiences and beliefs. Humans’ innate psychology includes diverse forms of self and alien self-phenomena, providing mechanisms for explaining psychedelic entity experiences. Neurophenomenological approaches illustrate that the physiological effects of psychedelics can account for release of innate modules and mental organs. The concept of the phantasy mode of consciousness provides a mechanism through which our unconscious causal and explanatory mechanisms produce accounts of encounters with non-human beings. The extensive interaction of DMT with the receptorome explains why these experiences give such a powerful sense of ontological certainty. Conclusion: Psychedelic entity experiences share central features with a robust innate human tendency to attribute agency, intentionality, causality, and personhood and to create accounts involving human-like qualities and entities. Keywords: psychedelic entities, ontology, evolutionary psychology, innate modules INTRODUCTION manifestations of a real transcendent reality, or are they merely phenomena produced by our complex brains, but What are we to make of reports of psychedelic entities, ultimately nothing more than dream-like hallucinatory experiences of autonomous beings often experienced experiences? on psychedelics? Many reports of psychedelic entity The experience of an entity does not mean that what we experiences allege that they are not a hallucination nor see is an actual reality. The tendency for the mind to play merely some phenomena of experience, but rather a tricks is easily illustrated in visual illusions and with dis- fi manifestation of some transcendent real noumenon in- torted gures that use irregular line orientations to force the volving communicative contact with another sentient eye into a perception of movement. Various visual illusions being (e.g., see Luke, 2011; Meyer, 1994, 2010; St John, (Figure 1) do not move as we perceive them to, but rather are 2015). What is the reality of these experiences? How do distortions produced by our brain and visual system. fi we understand the ontology and origin of entity experi- Nonetheless, the distinction of phenomena justi es an ences, if we do not accept that they are reflections of a acceptance of the reality of the experiences for the person. transcendent reality? Accepting the phenomenal contents of experience as data for fi If we dismiss these experiences as irrelevant halluci- scienti c exploration of the phenomena of the human mind nations without substance or meaning, we exclude sig- nificant information regarding the nature of the human *The ideas for this paper were stimulated by an invitation from mind. Yet, if we simply accept the phenomenological Anton Binton and David Luke to participate in the Tyringham experiences of entities as transcendent realities, we Initiative in May 2017. commit an error of epistemological naivety. The Kantian ** Corresponding address: Michael James Winkelman; Caixa Postal distinction between phenomena and noumena is useful 62, Pirenopolis, Goias, 72980-000 Brazil; Phone: +1 623 239 1662; here. Do these psychedelic entities represent noumena, +55 62 99 647 4169; E-mail: [email protected] This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated. © 2018 The Author(s) Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/01/21 02:05 AM UTC Winkelman Figure 1. Illusionary pulsation provides an empirical foundation for characterizing the nature point to a shared intersubjective reality underlying the of these experiences. Analysis of these descriptions can experiences – are there repeatedly encountered features/ provide data to determine if there is an objective (intersub- qualia in psychedelic entity encounters? The question of jective) reality to these experiences; examine their nature as an objective psychedelic entity is concerned with whether conceptual entities; and identify the mechanisms producing across observers there are common features. Can we agree these experiences in terms of known effects of psychedelics objectively – interpersonally and intersubjectively, and on brain function, potentially explaining the processes pro- ultimately scientifically – about whether there are regular ducing these often convincing manifestations. features exhibited in these experiences? If encounters with psychedelic entities produce a repeat- The ontological realities of psychedelic entities able pattern of experiences across people, those patterns establish an objective psychedelic entity, as well as a Psychedelic entities are obviously experiences that occur. phenomenon to be explained as a conceptual entity. Just How are we to conceptualize this data with respect to as we explain the experience of rainbows as your physical ontology concerned with the nature of reality and the perspective on the sunlight reflecting off of water droplets in similarities and differences among basic categories of being the air, we can seek naturalistic explanations of the nature of that may exist (Encyclopedia of Philosophy)? The Merriam- psychedelic entity experiences that do not require evoking Webster Dictionary’s(2017)definitions of entities help to the notion of a transcendent noumenon. There is not really a clarify at least three types of psychedelic entities: transcen- rainbow where you perceive one, but we can explain this dent entities (noumenon, “1a: being, existence; especially: repeatable intersubjectively validated observation through a independent, separate, or self-contained existence”); and conceptual explanation involving an understanding of the objective (intersubjective phenomenon) and conceptual en- physics of light and perception. tities (“2: something that has separate and distinct existence I believe that the evidence available allows us to provide and objective or conceptual reality”). a similar materialist explanation of psychedelic entity The meaning of definition 1 –“independent, separate, or experiences within the known frameworks of psychedelic self-contained existence”–implies an empirical entity with effects on the brain. But the development of a rational and transcendent status. True believers who allege that psyche- empirical discourse on psychedelic entities faces challenges delic entity experiences are real represent the notion of a due to the lack of formalized attempts at rigorous compara- separate and independent existence, apart from our imagina- tive examination. As Gallimore and Luke (2016) and Luke tion – a transcendent entity that implies a noumenon. In my (2011) noted, we need an academic study of entity encoun- view, such claims have not been substantiated with rigorous ters that offers a thorough examination of the similarities in methodologies (i.e., parapsychological research). I shall leave independent reports by identifying the recurrent character- the evaluation of this transcendent reality of psychedelic istics common to these experiences. beings for others and instead address the concepts of an This paper proposes a cross-cultural and interdisciplinary objective entity (intersubjectively validated experience) and study of the features of entities and uses case materials and conceptual entity (an explanation for such experiences). previous profiles of psychedelic entity experiences to offer The concepts of an objective psychedelic entity can be hypotheses regarding what might be revealed by such system- derived from similarities in individual experiences that atic evidence. This paper outlines a methodology for 6 | Journal of Psychedelic Studies 2(1), pp. 5–23 (2018) Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/01/21 02:05 AM UTC Ontology of psychedelic entities empirically addressing the question