Designers Who Don’t Draw: An Investigation into Sketch Inhibition among Undergraduate Designers by Lisa Thurlow Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy De Montfort University, Leicester April 2019 Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... VII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. THE THEORY ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. THE AIM ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4. A DISCIPLINE NON-SPECIFIC APPROACH ............................................................................................... 11 1.5. TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.6. A RESEARCH PARADOX: GROUNDED THEORY VERSUS THE PHD ............................................................... 13 1.7. THE INTENDED CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEW KNOWLEDGE ........................................................................... 15 1.8. NAVIGATION OF THE DOCUMENT ...................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: THE LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................19 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 19 2.2. THE METHOD ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.3. META-ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE .................................................................................................. 23 2.4. FINDINGS FROM THE LITERATURE ...................................................................................................... 27 2.4.1. Phase I findings: Sketching – Objective 1 ......................................................................... 27 2.4.2. Phase I findings: Sketching – Objective 2 ......................................................................... 41 2.4.3. Phase I findings: Sketching – Objective 3 ......................................................................... 51 2.4.4. Phase II findings: Sketch Inhibition - Objective 4 .............................................................. 65 2.4.5. Phase II findings: Sketch Inhibition - Objective 5 .............................................................. 66 2.4.6. Phase II findings: Sketch Inhibition - Objective 6 .............................................................. 70 2.5. IN CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 3: THE METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................................76 3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 76 3.2. THE INITIAL METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 76 3.3. THE WRONG METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 78 3.4. BACK TO BASICS: THE POTENTIAL EPISTEMOLOGY .................................................................................. 81 3.5. AN OBSERVATION OF DESIGN EPISTEMOLOGY ...................................................................................... 84 3.6. A QUALITATIVE APPROACH ............................................................................................................... 85 3.7. THE POTENTIAL RESEARCH STRATEGIES ............................................................................................... 86 3.7.1. Phenomenology ............................................................................................................... 87 3.7.2. Grounded Theory ............................................................................................................. 89 3.7.3. Thematic analysis ............................................................................................................. 94 3.7.4. A comparative analysis of the proposed approaches ...................................................... 96 3.8. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 100 3.9. THE SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................ 101 3.9.1. The questions ................................................................................................................. 101 3.9.2. Sample size & saturation................................................................................................ 102 3.9.3. Recruiting the subjects ................................................................................................... 102 3.9.4. The process .................................................................................................................... 104 3.9.5. Preparation of the data .................................................................................................. 104 3.9.6. Analysis of the data ........................................................................................................ 104 3.10. THE LEARNING STYLE SURVEY.......................................................................................................... 108 3.10.1. Basis of the approach ..................................................................................................... 108 3.10.2. The methodology ........................................................................................................... 108 3.10.3. Sample size ..................................................................................................................... 108 3.10.4. Preparation and analysis of the data ............................................................................. 109 I 3.11. THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY ............................................................................................................. 109 3.11.2. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 109 3.11.3. Sample size & saturation................................................................................................ 110 3.11.4. The question ................................................................................................................... 110 3.11.5. Preparation and analysis of the data ............................................................................. 110 3.12. CASE STUDY - LEICESTER SCHOOL OF MEDIA DRAWING CENTRE ........................................................... 110 3.12.1. Background to the method ............................................................................................ 110 3.12.2. The method .................................................................................................................... 110 3.12.3. Preparation and analysis of the data ............................................................................. 111 3.13. TESTING FRAMEWORK TOOLS: ACTION RESEARCH USING TEACHING & LEARNING PRACTICE ......................... 111 3.13.1. Background to the method ............................................................................................ 111 3.13.2. The process .................................................................................................................... 112 3.13.3. Preparation & analysis of the data ................................................................................ 113 3.14. PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS .......................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 4: INTERVIEWS WITH EDUCATORS ...................................................................................... 114 4.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 114 4.2. THE SAMPLE ............................................................................................................................... 114 4.3. META-ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVIEW DATA ......................................................................................... 115 4.4. THE FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................. 116 4.4.1. Initial perceptions of sketching ...................................................................................... 117 4.4.2. EDUCATOR PERCEPTIONS OF INDUSTRY .......................................................................................