METAPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY NATURAL PRINCIPLES OF METAPHYSICAL EINSTEIN ON TRIAL The new physics for a new millenium. In 1905 Einstein set the scientific EinsteinEinstein community on an innovative and, at the time, controversial course aban- doning the Newtonian concept of onon space and time and upholding Max- well-Lorentz electrodynamics. Was this a leap forward or has the 20th TTrialrial century followed a misleading course? or In a thoroughly readable and exhaus- tively philosophical analysis, backed Metaphysical by rigorous mathematical argu- ments, Jorge C. Curé places Principles Einstein’s conceptions on historic Céspedes-Curé Jorge of scrutiny and unifying the Newtonian and Relativistic conceptions of na- Natural ture establishes a New Physics. A fitting revolution for the new Philosophy millenium. by Jorge Céspedes-Curé i EINSTEIN ON TRIAL OR METAPHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY by Jorge Céspedes-Curé Editor: Shirley Ramsey Publisher: et al Organization. 2002 Copyright © 1998 Jorge C. Curé ii All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the author. ISBN: 0-9713873-0-3 et al. Organization P. O. Box 90373, Caracas 1083 A Venezuela First Edition 2002 Second Edition, 2005 Third Edition, 2009 Printed in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd. This book is available through Amazon.com in the USA and through Amazon.co.uk in the United Kingdom iii To Shirley Ramsey and to the future generations. iv Contents CONTENTS Preface. viii Acknowledgments. xi Introduction. xviii Chapter 1. Ontological Principles. 1 Introduction. 2 1.1 Why Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy? 2 1.2 Natural Philosophy. 6 1.3 About Theoretical Knowledge. 7 1.4 Ontological Principles. 11 1.5 Application of Ontological Principles. 17 1.6 Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy. 18 1.7 Logical Principles. 22 1.8 Why Should Scientists Study Philosophy? 25 Conclusions. 26 References. 27 Chapter 2 Newtonian Quantum Mechanics. 29 Introduction. 30 2.1 What is the Quantum Potential? 30 2.2 Mathematical Origin of the Quantum Potential. 31 2.3 Some Perplexing Comments about Quantum Mechanics. 34 2.4 Ontological Principles and some Mathematical Theorems. 36 2.5 Ontological Origin of the Quantum Potential. 40 2.6 The Missing Link in Classical Mechanics: Classical Wave Mechanics. 43 2.7 Schrödinger’s Equation is a Particular Case of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bohm’s Equation. 45 2.8 The Need for a New Electrodynamics in Nuclear Physics. 50 2.9 Some Other Causal Explanations in Quantum Mechanics. 54 Conclusions. 57 References. 59 Contents v Chapter 3. Compendium of Electrokinetics and Electrodynamics. 63 Introduction. 64 3.1 A Brief Disquisition on the concept of “Field.” 65 3.2 The English Electromagnetics versus the German Electrodynamics 68 3.3 Compendium of Electrokinetics and Electrodynamics. 71 3.4 Parametrized Newtonian Relativistic Electrodynamics. 80 3.5 Gravitodynamics and Geometrodynamics. 80 3.6 Probable Experimental Evidence of ForcesProportional to v’²/c². 83 Conclusions. 86 References. 87 Chapter 4 Newtonian Relativistic Electrodynamics. 89 Introduction. 90 4.1 Newton’s Dynamical Methodology. 91 4.2 Extension of Newton’s Axioms. 93 4.3 Comments on the Axioms. 96 4.4 Logical deduction of a Parametrized Newtonian Relativistic Ectrodynamics. 108 4.5 Action of a Permanent Magnet on Static Charges. 111 4.6 On the Paternity of Lorentz’s Force. 122 4.7 Hybrid Electrodynamics. (HED) 128 4.8 Deduction of Hertz’s “Hypothesis.” 135 4.9 Eddington’s Model of the Neutron. 137 4.10 The Convective Operator. 146 4.11 Some notes on unipolar induction. 147 Conclusions. 148 References. 149 Chapter 5. On the Identity of the Cosmic Ether. 155 Introduction. 156 5.1. Einstein’s Resuscitated Ether. 156 5.2. Einstein’s Ether is a Metaphysical Entity. 159 5.3. A Classical Identification of Einstein’s Ether. 162 5.4. On Michelson-Morley’s Experiment. 171 5.5. Derivation of the Eikonal Equation. 178 5.6. Experimental proposals. 182 Conclusions. 183 References. 184 vi Contents Chapter 6 Newtonian Relativistic Gravitodynamics. 187 Introduction 188 6.1 Newton’s Explanation of the Anomalous Motion of Planet Mercury. 189 6.2 Angular Momentum of the Sun. 199 6.3 Inertial mass, gravitational mass and the equivalence principle. 213 6.4 Mach’s Definition of Mass and Operational Definition of Inertial Reference System. 243 6.5 Mach’s principle according to Einstein and others. 249 6.6 Newtonian relativistic gravitodynamics and the Cosmic Collective Potential Energy. 258 6.7 Starlight deflection by the solar energy field. 273 6.8 Cosmological red shift and big bang theory. 280 6.9 Is gravitation an electrodynamic phenomenon? 286 6.10 Einstein-Hamilton-Jacobi’s equation and Bohm-Hamilton-Jacobi’s equation. 289 6.11 Nonlinear electrodynamic Field Theory as a Relativistic Time Bomb. 291 Conclusion. 295 References. 307 Chapter 7 Einstein’s Theological Beliefs and Scientific Theology. 311 Introduction. 312 I-1. Science and religion have a common foundation. 312 I-2. Theoretical scientific knowledge is relative. 314 I-3. Elements of Theory of Knowledge. 315 I-4. Theology by revelation and theology by reason. 327 7.1 Comments on Einstein’s essay “Religion and Science” (1930). 333 7.2 Comments on Einstein’s essay “The Religious Spirit of Science” (1934). 337 7.3 Comments on Einstein’s essay “ Science and Religion” (1939). 338 7.4 Comments on Einstein`s essay “Religion and Science, Irreconciliable?” (1948) 343 7.5. Einstein’s Theological Beliefs. 346 7.6. Science, including Logic, are not completely rational. 349 7.7. Foundations of Scientific Theology or Cosmotheism. 349 7.8. Does God Exist in Reality? 353 7.9. Is God Universal Consciousness? 359 7.10. Advanced Religion. 381 Conclusions. 384 References. 389 Verdict 393 vii Epilogue 394 Alphabetical index 401 Index of Tables Page Table 4-I. Drift of a charged latex drop in the presence of a permanent magnet. 115 Table 6-I. Astronomical excess perihelic rotations of the planets and Leverrier’s constant L. 195 Table 6-II. Newtonian, astronomical and Einsteinian excess perihelic rotations of different planets 196 Table 6-III. Excess perihelic rotation of some planets. 210 Table 6-IV. Astronomical data of Galilean Satellites of Jupiter 213 Table 6-V. Comparison of Einstein’s prediction of starlight deflection with Merat’s astronomical corrections. 274 Table 6-VI. Comparison of Einstein’s prediction of δ* with Merat’s law: δ ± Δδ. 274 Table 6-VII. Comparison of this author’s predictions of δ* with Merat’s law: δ ± Δδ. 278 Index of Figures Figure 4.1 Millikan Apparatus with Magnet. 113 Figure 7.1 Reclassification of Philosophy. 352 Figure 7.2 Interaction of material entities 1 and 2 with the rest of the system. 367 viii Preface PREFACE I had at least five reasons to write this book. The first was to defend Newton’s classical mechanics from false accusations raised by Einstein. The second reason was to deliver Natural Philosophy (physics), from the mathematical bondage of which it was submitted during the 20th century. The third reason was to liberate the minds of scientists in general, and physicists, in particular, from the corrupted 20th century slogan “publish or perish.” The fourth reason was to help induce an implosive neo-renaissance by bringing all sciences back to the womb of mother philosophy. The fifth and last reason to write the book, Einstein on Trial, was to synthesize or fuse science, philosophy and theology of the 21st century in one solid epistemological doctrine or school of thought. First Reason.- The first reason shows the following false accusations of Einstein against Newton’s Principia, or classical mechanics: 1. Classical mechanics is powerless to explain the anomalous motion of planet Mercury. 2. Classical mechanics is incapable of explaining the equality between iner- tial mass and gravitational mass. 3. Classical mechanics is incompetent to deduce formally (logically) the mathematical structure of forces. 4. Absolute space of classical mechanics does not exist. 5. Absolute time of classical mechanics does not exist. 6. The cosmic ether (Sensorium Dei of Newton) does not exit. 7. In classical mechanics absolute rotation does not exist. With the help of forerunners, I was able to disprove all the previous false accusations against Newton’s classical mechanics. Second Reason.- The second reason shows an invasion into the temple of Natural Philosophy by a herd of modern barbarians who were expelled from the temple of Mathematics. These 20th century “attilas,” riding horses with symbolic hooves, annihilated the growth of all ontological grass in the meadows of Natural Philosophy. Obviously, after Einstein created his GRT, he wrote, “Our experience hitherto justifies us believing that nature is the realization of the simplest conceivable mathematical ideas.” At least Einstein is only proposing to believe in his statement, like any dogma of faith has to be believed. Mathematics, the queen of the formal Preface ix sciences, should be treated as an almost sacred dictionary in the hands of natural philosophers, because it allows us to translate our philosophical speculations about nature into a precise language. For this reason, Mathematics is a wonderful medicine to cure mental verbiage. Third Reason.- Many years ago, when I was teaching physics to engineering students, I gathered many definitions of the concept “engineering.” I put aside one of the definitions, and I determined the “average” definition of the rest. The result was this: Engineering is the application of science for the benefit of human kind. What about the definition I left aside? In my opinion it is very accurate: Engineering is the art of making two dollars with one dollar. In the last century, we introduced the word tech- nology to replace the word engineering.