AFRICA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DATA BOOK 2019 AFRICA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DATA BOOK 2019 CONTENTS Preface I Acknowledgement II List of Abbreviations III 1 About this Data Book 1-1 1.1 Purpose 1-1 1.2 Structure 1-1 1.3 Information Sources 1-1 1.4 ACCP Member Countries and Cities 1-2 2 Waste Issues in Africa 2-1 2.1 Waste Issues in Africa: Background 2-1 2.2 Waste Issues in Africa 2-2 2.2.1 Current Issues of Concerns 2-2 2.2.2 Future Issues of Concern 2-4 3 Current State of Solid Waste Management in Africa 3-1 3.1 Waste Generation and Composition 3-1 3.1.1 Data on Waste Generation Amount and Composition 3-1 3.1.2 Waste Generation Amount in Africa 3-3 3.1.3 Waste Composition in Africa 3-5 3.2 Solid Waste Management Systems 3-6 3.2.1 Self-Disposal at the Source and Discharge 3-6 3.2.2 Collection and Transport 3-7 3.2.3 Intermediate Treatment 3-11 3.2.4 Final Disposal 3-12 3.2.5 Hazardous Waste Management 3-14 3.3 Solid Waste Management Legislation and Governance 3-15 3.4 Organisations and Personnel Implementing Solid Waste Management 3-20 3.5 Financial Management of Solid Waste Management 3-22 3.6 Public-Private Partnership 3-43 3.7 Cooperation and Communication with the Informal Sector and Residents 3-24 3.8 Improvements Needed 3-28 3.8.1 Countries and Central Governments 3-28 3.8.2 Cities and Local Governments 3-35 4 Towards Improving Solid Waste Management in Africa and the Roles of the ACCP 4-1 4.1 Solid Waste Management Issues in Africa 4-1 4.2 Roles and Direction of Activities of ACCP 4-11 4.2.1 Network Strengthening Toward More Open Collaboration 4-12 4.2.2 Gathering/Sharing Knowledge 4-12 4.2.3 Exploratory Efforts to Promote Investment 4-14 4.2.4 Gathering Data and Monitoring SDG Achievement 4-14 4.2.5 Consolidating the Foundation in Africa 4-14 Annex Country Profiles and City Profiles 1 List of Tables Table 1-1: List of ACCP Member Countries and Cities 1-2 Table 2-1: Major Disposal Site Accidents in Recent Years 2-3 Table 3-1: Waste Composition of African Cities (%) 3-5 Table 3-2: Development State of Disposal Sites and Economic Levels 3-13 Table 3-3: Improvements Needed in Countries and Central Governments (Legal/Policy) 3-29 Table 3-4: Improvements Needed in Countries and Central Governments (Institutional) 3-31 Table 3-5: Improvements Needed in Countries and Central Governments (Technical) 3-32 Table 3-6: Improvements Needed in Countries and Central Governments (Financial) 3-33 Table 3-7: Improvements Needed in Countries and Central Governments (Social) 3-34 Table 3-8: Improvements Needed in Cities (Legal/Policy) 3-35 Table 3-9: Improvements Needed in Cities (Institutional) 3-36 Table 3-10: Improvements Needed in Cities (Technical) 3-37 Table 3-11: Improvements Needed in Cities (Financial) 3-38 Table 3-12: Improvements Needed in Cities (Social) 3-39 Table 4-1: Solid Waste Management Issues Observed in Africa, and Approaches for Resolving Them in Each Stage of the Waste Flow 4-2 Table 4-2: Standard Expenses for Solid Waste Management Services (USD/ton) 4-9 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Multi-stage Development of Solid Waste Management 2-1 Figure 2-2: Worldwide Urban Population Forecast 2-5 Figure 2-3: Projection of GDP per capita, current prices 2-6 Figure 3-1: Waste Flow 3-2 Figure 3-2: Amount of Waste Generated in African Cities as Obtained in this Survey (2018-19) 3-4 Figure 3-3: Economic Development and Generated Waste Amounts 3-4 Figure 3-4: Economic Development and Waste Composition 3-6 Preface In 2017, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan (MOEJ), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), City of Yokohama, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlement Plan (UN-Habitat) jointly established the "African Clean Cities Platform (ACCP)" with the aim of improving waste management in African countries. Activities implemented under the ACCP to date include training activities aimed at human resource capacity development, the sharing of knowledge and experience in waste management, and field surveys and pilot projects in the field. In order to manage waste properly, it is important for each country and city to collect and maintain data on not only socio-economic aspects such as population and industrial structure, but also waste management aspects such as the composition and amount of generated waste. It is also effective to organise and share information on the regulatory and disposal systems concerning solid waste management, and to mutually learn from these between neighbouring countries. The 2019 African Waste Management Data Book was created as a part of the ACCP’s activities with the cooperation of the ACCP member countries and cities. It compiles data on a variety of matters including the composition and amount of generated waste in African countries, as well as their regulatory and disposal systems. We encourage all stakeholders involved in solid waste management in Africa, including the central and local governments of African country, private companies, and international organisations, to use this data book to improve the waste management of every country. Japan and Africa have a long history of building up friendly relations. TICAD7, based on the theme of African development, will be held in Yokohama from August 28 to 30, 2019. Japan is committed to continuing to support the development of Africa, and the MOEJ will continue to promote the activities of the ACCP to improve the solid waste management in African countries. Vice-Minister for Global Environmental Affairs, MOEJ Satoru Morishita I Acknowledgement Much of the data in this document is based on information provided by the representatives of ACCP member countries and cities ("focal points"). In many member countries and cities, data on waste management remains underdeveloped or uncompiled, while communication also tends to be erratic. We would like to express our appreciation to the focal points and those who assisted them in preparing country profiles city profiles as well as answering questionnaire surveys . Japan’s Ministry of the Environment, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), and Yokohama city have not only helped in preparation of this book, but also provided support for a variety of ACCP activities including ACCP meetings, training in Japan, and also training and seminars held in various African countries. We have received technical reviews and invaluable comments from UNEP and UN-Habitat. Please note that this book is not intended to provide a whole picture of solid waste management across Africa. However, we believe that even the process itself – namely, the people striving day in and out at waste management sites through various trial and error approaches to collect the latest information, organise it, and compile the results into profiles – has made this book worthwhile. In Africa, socioeconomic changes, including economic development and rising urban populations, is continuing to change the environment surrounding waste. By each country and city continuing to assume a primary role in repeatedly collecting and analysing data as well as making the data development process a regular habit, we can expect these efforts to lead to the consideration and practical application of solid waste management based on highly reliable data, thereby contributing to improvement of urban environments. We are hopeful that these efforts will not only broaden the knowledge of those involved in waste management, but also that this book will connect those who have chosen to read it, and it will serve as a catalyst for new collaborations and co-creation. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many people and organisations who helped make this book possible. African Clean Cities Platform (ACCP) Secretariat Director General, Global Environment Department, JICA Megumi Muto II List of Abbreviations 3R Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle ACCP African Clean Cities Platform CBEs Community-based enterprises CBOs Community-based organisations EEE Electrical and electronic equipment EPR Extended producer responsibility EU European Union e-waste Electrical and electronic equipment waste GDP Gross domestic product GNI Gross national income HCRW Health care risk waste IMF International Monetary Fund IT Information technology JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MBT Mechanical and biological treatment MOEJ Ministry of the Environment, Japan MRF Materials recovery facility MSW Municipal solid waste NGOs Non-governmental organisations NPO Non-profit organisation O&M Operations and Maintenance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAYT Pay-As-You-Throw POPs Persistent organic pollutants PPP Public-private partnership PSW Plastic solid waste RDF Refuse-derived fuel SDG Sustainable Development Goals SNS Social networking service SW Solid waste SWAN Solid Waste Management Advisers Network (Japanese NPO) SWM Solid waste management TICAD Tokyo International Conference on African Development UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlement Programme UNSD United Nations Statistics Division USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VAT Value-added tax WIS Waste information system WtE Waste-to-energy III 1 About this Data Book 1.1 Purpose This Data Book was compiled to introduce the efforts of member countries and cities of the African Clean Cities Platform (ACCP), in combination with relevant analyses, with the aim of contributing to the promotion of appropriate and sustainable waste management in African countries. This book is also expected to serve as a practical reference for development institutions and/or private sector entities that are considering engaging in development cooperation or pursuing business opportunities related to waste management in the countries and cities of Africa.