||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| THE GCI Project Bibliographies SERIES ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites Sorted by Category September 2003 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The GCI Project Bibliographies Series |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites A Select Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Martha Demas GCI PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SEPTEMBER 2003 The Getty Conservation Institute The Getty Conservation Institute works internationally to advance conservation and to enhance and encourage the preservation and understanding of the visual arts in all of their dimensions— objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The Institute serves the conservation community through scientific research; education and training; field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its work and the work of others in the field. In all its endeavors, the Institute is committed to addressing unanswered questions and to promoting the highest possible standards of conservation practice. The Getty Conservation Institute 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700 Los Angeles, California 90049-1684 (310) 440-7325 GCI Project Bibliographies Project bibliographies represent a distillation of many years of research by Getty Conservation Institute staff in support of a given project. The unique bibliographic resources available at the Getty Center and in the Los Angeles area make it possible for GCI staff to access and review literature that is not easily obtainable by many conservation practitioners. With this unique opportunity comes a responsibility to share the results of this research with the conservation community and other interested parties. http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/archaeology_bib.pdf Page 1 of 123 GCI PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SEPTEMBER 2003 Table of Contents Introduction to the Annotated Bibliography................................................................................3 International and National Charters and Recommendations........................................................9 Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites I. Archaeological Heritage Management.........................................................................13 II. Archaeological Site Management...............................................................................23 III. Assessment of Significance......................................................................................38 IV. Assessment of Physical Condition............................................................................47 V. Conservation Principles and Practices.......................................................................51 VI. Implementation: Site-Specific Studies......................................................................69 Methods and Techniques for Protection and Stabilization VII. Reburial of Archaeological Sites..............................................................................79 VIII. Erosion Control and Site Stabilization.....................................................................86 IX. Consolidation and Stabilization of Structures............................................................95 XI. Vegetation Control.................................................................................................103 X. Protective Roofing and Shelters...............................................................................106 http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/archaeology_bib.pdf Page 2 of 123 GCI PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SEPTEMBER 2003 Introduction to the Annotated Bibliography The annotated bibliography on Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites was compiled originally for the 1990 and 1993 courses, ‘Conservation of Excavated Sites,’ jointly organized by the Getty Conservation Institute and the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. It has since grown (there are currently approximately 500 citations) and there have been some modifications in the initial subject categories. The purpose of the bibliography is to provide practitioners, as well as those new to the subject, with an overview of the literature related to the management and conservation of archaeological sites. The bibliography is conceptually organized under two major headings. The first is Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, whose literature reflects the dual origins of archaeological site conservation in monument conservation and cultural resource management respectively. A second heading, Methods and Techniques for Protection and Stabilization, incorporates individual bibliographies on specific techniques or interventions used to control the deterioration of the site or its components. The published literature on conservation and management has grown substantially in the last two decades and has become increasingly specialized. This bibliography is not intended to be exhaustive—either in the subject categories it covers or in the specific citations to those categories—but it is intended to reflect the full range of theory and practice in each subject category. Each of the bibliographies is selective and is current through 1999; any citations after that date are opportunistic rather than the result of a literature search. While the present bibliography is based on database searches, it is more selective in its use of citations and more directed in its use of subject categories than typical database searches. Selection entails an editorial judgment, but it is primarily aimed at providing a closer fit between the citation and its subject category. Direction is achieved by using subject categories to outline a process (management), and the principles and practices that are specific to, or have been adapted to, archaeological sites and monuments. It is thus the aim of the bibliography to incorporate all the elements of management and conservation of archaeological sites in a format that makes the literature accessible and usable both for practitioners and those wishing to explore the parameters and breadth of the subject. It is important to recognize that certain areas of specialized conservation are not covered in this bibliography. Rock art, mosaics, wall paintings, earthen architecture, treatment of stone, and chemical consolidation of materials are among the most important of these, each with its own extensive and specialized literature base. Only individual articles or monographs from this specialized literature base that illustrate general principles of conservation practice or have wider application have been selected for inclusion. While the scope of the bibliography is intended to be global, it does reflect a distinct Euro- http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/archaeology_bib.pdf Page 3 of 123 GCI PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SEPTEMBER 2003 American bias. This is a reflection in part of the origins of heritage management theory in English-speaking countries (Australia, the United States, and Britain) and the fact that most international conference proceedings are in English. The languages represented in the bibliography are limited to English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish; the geographical source of much of the literature is Europe, the Americas, and Australia. All of the citations are annotated. Most annotations are simply indicative, summarizing the contents of the article or monograph; some provide analytical assessment; a few contain editorial comments. The annotations are especially critical for subject material that is buried within monographs or articles covering more comprehensive topics. These annotations are specific to the subject category under review (e.g., Reburial) and not to the citation per se. The annotator, or source of the annotation, is indicated in brackets; (aa) refers to an author abstract; other annotators, or sources of annotations, are identified by their initials or acronyms: (AATA) Art and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (A.O.) Anne Oliver (A.B.R.) Angelyn Bass Rivera (J.S.) Jane Sunderland (Protective Shelters section) (J.St.) John Stewart (M.D.) Martha Demas (N.S.P.) Nicholas Stanley-Price Thorne 1989b Archaeological Site Stabilization Bibliography The following outline defines and justifies each of the twelve subject categories employed in the bibliography. It attempts to clarify what is meant by each subject category, why it is included in this bibiliography, and how comprehensive the section it is intended to be. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites Archaeological Heritage Management (Bibliography I)* Archaeological Heritage Management, also referred to as Archaeological Resource Management is a subset of what is widely known as Cultural Resource Management and encompasses a broad range of issues related to the protection, preservation, and use of archaeological resources. Archaeological Heritage Management developed in response to the many threats to archaeological resources and the means and methods of mitigating their impact by, for instance, the development and implementation of policy and legislation (both national and international); the survey, collection and management of data; the protection and/or salvage of archaeological resources in the face of modern development