No More Business as Usual: Ending Taxpayer-Funded Abuse of Unaccompanied Migrant Children As the numbers of unaccompanied migrant children crossing the US-Mexico border swells, the Biden Administration is working to move children out of overcrowded detention facilities and into longer term state-licensed shelters. But before they start signing new contracts with shelter providers, the Administration should take a hard look at how the system is working. In Texas, migrant children have been and likely are being abused in dozens of federally funded, state-licensed residential facilities. The record of the abuse taking place in Texas is available in a publicly accessible database maintained by the state agency responsible for regulating the facilities. The data show that the federal agency charged with protecting and caring for migrant children is paying tens of millions of taxpayer dollars to vendors with documented histories of child abuse. The Administration has the authority and information it needs to order simple, straightforward changes to the contracting process for child detention facilities. This report shows what’s at stake if instead they decide to stick with business as usual. ____________________________________ This report describes the violations at 38 of the 41 facilities, which are documented in a publicly available database maintained by the state’s licensing agency. Of the nearly 1,000 violations identified in this report, nearly 30 percent fall in the highest risk category, and include descriptions showing clearly that the violations pose threats to children’s health and safety: for example, inappropriate touching of multiple teenage females by a male medical technician. Data from Texas’ facility-specific compliance history database demonstrates that the U.S. government’s lack of oversight in both the awarding and monitoring of contracts has already contributed to children suffering abuse at the hands of detention facility operators in Texas. This dereliction of oversight responsibilities means that American taxpayer dollars have been—and, very likely, are currently—supporting the abuse of children who are under federal care. The solutions are simple and inexpensive: requiring a facility’s violation history to be part of the application process; requesting that the state report any new or continuing violations directly to ORR; requiring a simple check by ORR employees of available information as part of the contracting process; and providing clear and effective sanctions for facilities that conceal information. The first step should be an executive order that directs ORR to identify and root out providers with unresolved licensing violations in their states, and to ensure that ORR does not rely on self-reported compliance histories in future grantmaking. Second, Congress should ensure that ORR has the legal and financial tools necessary to hold federal contractors accountable if they harm children, including the authority to claw back grants that were made based on incomplete compliance histories. Third, the administration should appoint a task force to recommend alternative strategies for caring for unaccompanied children. Background Each year, thousands of children arrive at the United States border without an adult caretaker and without documentation allowing their immediate legal entry into the country. These children are considered unaccompanied alien minors (“UAC'' or “unaccompanied children”). They are taken into federal custody, and become temporarily wards of the state while they await reunion with adult family members already lawfully present in the U.S., or deportation back to their country of origin. While they await disposition of their request for asylum, the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement (“ORR”) places these unaccompanied children in federally-funded—but state-licensed— foster care facilities. These facilities are referred to as detention centers, and their use has been the subject of intense conflict and increasing opposition since 2015, when there was a sudden increase in the numbers of unaccompanied children arriving in the U.S. from Central America. Advocates have alleged that serious harm is done to children housed in detention centers, and have urged both the Obama and Trump administrations to close the facilities. Lawmakers at the state and federal levels alike have deplored the use of detention centers, but closing all centers would create a new set of problems, since ORR would have to implement a different strategy for housing unaccompanied children awaiting asylum or deportation. An immediate solution to protect children already in U.S. custody, while Congress and the executive branch work to bolster the U.S. asylum system, is both urgently needed and easily within reach. Against this backdrop, and at the request of the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies of the U.S. House Committee on Appropriations, in September 2020, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) issued a report, Actions Needed to Improve Grant Application Reviews and Oversight of Care Facilities, based on its performance audit of ORR’s contracting processes. The report confirmed Congress’ concerns that ORR’s contracting practices were insufficient to prevent harm to children in the agency’s care. In particular, the GAO report highlighted ORR’s remarkably informal process for vetting grant applicants and monitoring grantee compliance with core grant requirements. The vetting process includes requirements for facilities to disclose their compliance histories; however, the compliance histories are self-reported, and the report concludes that nearly 75 percent of facilities provide no compliance history information in their applications. Even more remarkable, ORR does not appear to verify compliance history information with state licensing agencies—nor do state licensing agencies that monitor ORR-funded facilities take it upon themselves to communicate and share with ORR the monitoring or compliance histories of detention centers under their jurisdiction. The GAO concluded that “lapses” in detention centers’ adhering to, and state regulators’ enforcing of, state licensing requirements could result in harm to or suffering of children. Their report recommended executive actions that ORR could take to reduce the risk of harm to children. However, GAO analysts chose not to use facility-specific information from state licensing agencies to demonstrate concrete evidence of licensing violations leading to unsafe or inappropriate care for children. Consequently, the GAO report lacks specifics regarding the ongoing, dire situations present in several detention centers, and the documented harm to children that has already occurred. Likewise, its report lacks urgency regarding the need for immediate remedies and future safeguards. There are 41 state-licensed facilities in Texas known to have contracts with ORR to run detention centers and other forms of foster care for unaccompanied children. From January 2015 to September 2020, regulators with the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) documented 983 licensing violations in the 41 facilities; in that same time period, ORR placed thousands of unaccompanied children in those facilities, and children continue to be placed in those facilities as of this report’s publication.1 Processing and Care of Unaccompanied Migrant Children Policies related to the entry of non-citizens into the United States are the province of the federal government, and enforcing those policies generally falls to federal agencies. However, in the case of unaccompanied children, states play a key role in the federal government’s implementation of its policies, because they are responsible for licensing and regulation of residential facilities. In Texas, the agency charged with regulating detention centers is the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). This agency is responsible for regulating day care centers, foster care facilities, nursing homes, and other congregate care facilities. Detention centers in Texas operate in an environment where the federal judicial system has already found the regulation and provision of residential care for 1 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (December 4, 2020). Unaccompanied Alien Children Program [Fact Sheet]. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/uac-program-fact-sheet.pdf. See also Edgar Walters, Ryan Murphy and Darla Cameron, “The number of migrant children in Texas dropped dramatically in 2019,” The Texas Tribune, updated December 20, 2019, https://apps.texastribune.org/features/2018/texas-migrant-children-shelters/. children to be unacceptable.2 Moreover, the state agency responsible for regulating detention facilities has demonstrated a lack of capacity to regulate even facilities housing exclusively U.S. citizen children. Yet even so, DFPS investigators documented at least a thousand licensing violations at the 41 licensed detention centers between 2015 and 2020.3 Unaccompanied children are defined within the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (“HSA”) as children who are under the age of 18 with no legal status and have no parent or legal guardian in the U.S. or no parent or legal guardian that is available to provide them care and physical custody.4 The processing, transfer, and care of unaccompanied children is divided between several different federal agencies and is mandated by the HSA, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (“TVPRA”) of 2008, and the Flores