PROTEST IN CONTESTED PUBLIC SPACE An investigation into the performative act of protest as a mechanism by which to define the changing social, political and spatial terrains of neo-liberal London. Carl Leigh Fraser (CLF) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University Of Sheffield, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Architecture July 24th 2016 Supervisor: Doina Petrescu, second supervisor: Tatjana Schneider Table of Contents Occupy LSX ............................................................................................ 81 Approach ........................................................................................... 82 Table of Contents ..................................................................................... 2 Protest Space ..................................................................................... 85 Table of Figures ........................................................................................ 3 Demarcation ...................................................................................... 86 Opposing Notions of the Public ......................................................... 92 Section1: Introduction ............................................................................. 6 The London Stock Exchange & Wall St ............................................. 93 Tools of Representation ....................................................................... 7 Alternative Spatial Practices ............................................................. 94 Finding My Subject Matter ................................................................ 11 Theoretical Analysis .......................................................................... 95 Common (shared) land ...................................................................... 16 End of the Occupation ..................................................................... 103 Public(ly accessible) Space ............................................................... 19 August Riots .......................................................................................... 108 Protest ................................................................................................... 22 A Dual Purpose: Right & Tradition .................................................. 24 Approach ......................................................................................... 110 Neo-liberal Britain ............................................................................ 25 Theory .............................................................................................. 111 Research Question ............................................................................. 28 Historical context ............................................................................ 113 Metropolitan Police Specialist Training Centre ............................. 117 Section 2: Methodology .......................................................................... 30 French Riots .................................................................................... 120 Multiple Readings & Realities ........................................................... 30 Participants ..................................................................................... 121 Mapping ............................................................................................. 31 100 Days After The Riots ................................................................. 125 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................... 32 Off Duty Police Officer March ............................................................ 130 Research Approach............................................................................ 34 Auto-ethnography & Ethnography .................................................... 39 The March ....................................................................................... 136 Approach ......................................................................................... 137 Section 3: City & Power ......................................................................... 41 Theory .............................................................................................. 140 Power ................................................................................................. 43 Section 5: Counter Mapping & Conclusions ..................................... 143 Power & Knowledge .......................................................................... 45 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 150 Conflict .............................................................................................. 48 Iconic Spatial Identifiers ................................................................... 51 Exclusion and inclusion ................................................................... 153 Section 4: Protest .................................................................................... 56 Propositions .......................................................................................... 155 Rights & Resistance .............................................................................. 56 Academic Contribution .................................................................... 155 Tools of engagement .......................................................................... 61 Politicised Spaces: Socio-economic Conditions ............................. 156 Global Influences ............................................................................... 61 Learning from Protest ..................................................................... 158 The Performative Practice ................................................................. 62 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 162 Section 4: Case Studies .......................................................................... 65 Appendix ............................................................................................... 165 Student Tuition Fee Protests ................................................................. 66 Spatial Governance .............................................................................. 165 Kettling: an in situ response .............................................................. 71 Unused Images Thumbnails ................................................................ 175 Development of Practices .................................................................. 72 Perimeter Space ................................................................................. 78 End Notes .............................................................................................. 181 2 Table of Figures 39: Photo: Off Duty Police Officer’s March ............................................ 65 40: Location Map: Student Tuition Fee Protests ...................................... 66 41: Causation: Student Tuition Fee Protests 1of1 .................................... 67 1: Photo: St Paul's Churchyard ................................................................... 6 42: Extract: Student Tuition Fee Protests ................................................. 67 2: Napoleon’s Russian Retreat (1812) ....................................................... 7 43: Causation: Student Tuition Fee Protests 2of2 .................................... 68 3: Mississippi River Meander (1944) ......................................................... 7 44: Co-ordinated Attack on Public Space ................................................ 69 4: Czechoslovakian Air Map (1933) .......................................................... 7 45: Student Tuition Fee Protest Route ..................................................... 70 5: Theory of Evolution (2000) ................................................................... 7 46: Photo: Kettling lines ........................................................................... 71 6: Protest Contingencies Map (2010 early version) ................................... 8 47: Photo: Kettling: Clearing the side-lines ............................................. 71 7: Protest Contingencies Location Map ..................................................... 9 48: Photo: Kettling: Side-street ................................................................ 71 8: Thatcher & The Employment Act .......................................................... 9 49: Sukey Website Banner ....................................................................... 72 9: Mapping Architectural Theory ............................................................. 13 50: Sukey Protest Map ............................................................................. 73 10: La Pianta Grande di Roma: ................................................................ 15 51: Photo: Student Tuition Fee Protests ................................................... 73 11: Focus on Piazza Navona .................................................................... 16 52: Student Tuition Fee Protest Routes .................................................... 75 12: Westwood Common (1635) ............................................................... 16 53: Photo: Pop-up tents ............................................................................ 76 13: Parish of Llyswen commoning (1840) ..............................................