CONSERVATION HISTORY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KALEİÇİ DISTRICT IN ANTALYA (FROM THE 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT DAY) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÜLŞAH ÇELİK BAŞOK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ARCHITECTURE AUGUST 2016 Approval of the thesis: CONSERVATION HISTORY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KALEIÇI DISTRICT IN ANTALYA (FROM THE 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT DAY) submitted by GÜLŞAH ÇELİK BAŞOK in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Head of Department, Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU Dr. Fuat Gökçe Co-Supervisor, Department of Architecture, ME Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Namık Erkal ____________________ Department of Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer _____________________ Department of Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Mehmet Tunçer Dept. of City and Regional Planning, Gazi University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kemal Reha Kavas _____________ Department of Architecture, Akdeniz University Assist. Prof. Dr. İbrahim Bakır _____________________ Department of Architecture, Akdeniz University Date: 01.08.2016 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: GÜLŞAH ÇELİK BAŞOK Signature iv ABSTRACT CONSERVATION HISTORY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KALEİÇİ DISTRICT IN ANTALYA (FROM THE 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT DAY) Çelik Başok, Gülşah PhD, Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Department of Architecture Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer Co- Supervisor : Dr. Fuat Gökçe August 2016, 254 pages Historical urban sites are outputs of physical formation of the various social, cultural, economical and political relations in the urban space. During conservation of the historical urban sites, site should be handled as a historical and cultural whole. In this context, before conservation studies and during the process of producing conservation decisions, handling only the present physical situation of the historical urban fabric and generating decisions only on physical structure is not sufficient for an effective conservation. Present situation of the site, and relation with its past should be presented from the point of change or sustainability with its causes. This thesis discusses the conservation history of archeological and architectural heritage in Antalya Kaleiçi District in the context of historical urban conservation. Objective of this discussion is to emphasize necessity of a research similar to the one in this thesis before taking conservation decisions in historical urban sites. Discussed period comprises process, which starts with postwar period after the World War I and continues until year 2016. This period is discussed by separating to some important dates that majorly effect the change of Antalya/Kaleiçi District and accepted as breaking points. Key words: Antalya, Kaleiçi, Conservation History, Urban History, Conservation Planning. v ÖZ ANTALYA KALEİÇİ BÖLGESİ’NDEKİ KÜLTÜREL MİRASIN KORUMA TARİHİ (19. YÜZYILDAN GÜNÜMÜZE) Çelik Başok, Gülşah Doktora, Kültürel Mirası Koruma, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Fuat Gökçe Ağustos 2016, 254 sayfa Tarihi kentsel alanlar zaman içinde farklı sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve politik ilşkilerin kentsel mekandaki fiziksel biçimlenmesinin ürünüdür. Tarihi kentsel alanların korunması sırasında, alan bir tarihsel ve kültürel bir bütün olarak ele alınmalıdır. Bu bağlamda tarihi alanları koruma çalışmaları öncesinde ve koruma kararları üretme aşamasında tarihi kent dokusunun sadece bugünkü fiziksel durumunu ele almak ve bu fiziksel yapı üzerinden kararlar üretmek, etkili bir koruma için yeterli olmamaktadır. Alanın bugünki durumu ve geçmişi arasındaki ilişki, değişim veya süreklilik açısından nedenleriyle birlikte ortaya konmalıdır. Bu tez, Antalya Kaleiçi bölgesindeki arkeolojik ve mimari mirasın koruma tarihini tarihi çevre koruma bağlamında tartışmaktadır. Bu tartışmadan amaç, tarihi kentsel alanlarda koruma kararları alınmadan önce bu tezdekine benzer bir araştırma yapılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktır. Tartışılan dönem, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasından 2016 yılına kadar uzanan süreci içermektedir. Bu süreç Antalya/Kaleiçi District ‘in değişimini major olarak etkileyen ve kırılma noktaları olarak kabul edilen bazı önemli tarihlere ayrılarak tartışılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Antalya, Kaleiçi, Koruma Tarihi, Kent Tarihi, Koruma Planlama vi To the memory of Emre Madran and To my lovely husband Batuhan vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ömür Bakırer and Dr. Fuat Gökçe, who were the advisor and the co- advisor of this thesis, for their valuable critics, guidance and encouragements during all stages of this study. I also wish to thank to the jury members; Prof. Dr. Mehmet Tuncer, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Namık Erkal, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kemal Reha Kavas and Assist. Prof. Dr. İbrahim Bakır, for their valuable critics and guidance. I am especially grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kemal Reha Kavas for his continued encouragement throughout my graduate. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emre Madran, who played an important role in my life, for his assistance and suggestions, sharing his personal archives and for his invaluable discussions on the subject during my site surveys. It is an honor for me to start this study under his supervision. Rest in peace “Hocam”. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Zuhal Özcan for her invaluable comments and encouragements. She has been very understanding and supportive and has provided very valuable feedback when I needed. Working with her was an extremely pleasant experience and I am extremely lucky for that. I gratefully acknowledge the institutions and several other scholars for their contribution to the development of my dissertation. I benefited from KUDEB office of Antalya Metropolitan Municipality; Antalya Regional Conservation Council, Antalya Chamber of Architects, General Directorate of Pious Foundations and of METU Department of City and Regional Planning Maps and Plans Documentation Unit. Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr. Açalya Alpan and Aynur Uluç who has been studying on Kaleiçi in their research to share relative documents with me. I would like to offer another gratitude to city planner Sefa Erdal, architect Nejat Üreğen and town historian and tourist guide Hüseyin Çimrin who shared their ix personal experiences about the planning and conservation processes of Antalya Kaleiçi and made significant contributions to this research. I am thankful to the Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilization (AKMED) for providing a grant for my PhD Research. And for the last but not the least; I would like to thank to my sincere friends and colleagues Dr. İlkay Dinç Uyaroğlu, Dr. Ceren Katipoğlu Özmen, Dr. Alp Güney, Dr. Neslihan Kulözü, Dr. Belgin İşgör, Dr. Zeynep Akdağ, Dr. Dürdane Tor, Dr. Hakan Tor, Müge Kubilay, Nazik Alanbay and Arch. Burcu Kuzu for their moral supports and peerless companionship during my studies continued over years. I would like to express my gratitude to Rest. Arch. Lütfiye Serap Yılmaz for her endless support, motivation and patience throughout my education. I sincerely appreciate that her role is vital in my individual development as well as in my career development. Without the help and support of her, this study could not be surely finished. During the field studies, the members of Yılmaz family kindly put me up as a guest in their residence. I would also like to thank to Feyzi Yılmaz for his hospitality. Finally, I express my endless gratitude to my lovely family. I thank my parents Durna Çelik and Ali Çelik who gave their utmost energy and major priority to the education of their children more than anything and also my brother Dr. Gökhan Çelik who has always supported me. I have succeeded by means of their existence. There truly are many people to thank for helping me through the process of my PhD study, but none more than my beloved husband Batuhan Başok. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to him, who was always there both as a friend and as a colleague for me with emotional, technical and logistical support whenever I needed. I am blessed to have him as my husband and to know his love and never- ending faith in me. I would have fallen down without him holding my hand. This thesis is dedicated to him. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................