Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is an American automobile manu- F1 race cars. factured by Ford. It was originally based on the platform An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Di- of the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a [1] vision market research manager, first suggested the Mus- compact car. The original Ford Mustang I four-seater tang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II two- a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mus- seater prototype, which Ford used to pretest how the pub- tangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book’s ti- lic would take interest in the first production Mustang tle gave him the idea of adding the “Mustang” name for which was released as the 1964 1/2, with a slight varia- Ford’s new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar tion on the frontend and a top that was 2.7 inches shorter or Torino (and an advertising campaign using the Torino than the 1963 Mustang II.[2] Introduced early on April 17, [3] name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted 1964, and thus dubbed as a “1964½" model by Mustang T-bird II.[16] As the person responsible for Ford’s re- fans, the 1965 Mustang was the automaker’s most suc- [4] search on potential names, Eggert added “Mustang” to cessful launch since the Model A. The Mustang has un- the list to be tested by focus groups; “Mustang,” by a wide dergone several transformations to its current sixth gen- margin, came out on top under the heading: “Suitability eration. as Name for the Special Car.”[17][18] The name could not The Mustang created the "pony car" class of Ameri- be used in Germany,[16] however, because it was owned can automobiles—sports-car like coupes with long hoods by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and short rear decks[5]—and gave rise to competitors and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy such as the Chevrolet Camaro,[6] Pontiac Firebird, AMC the name for about US$10,000 from Krupp at the time. Javelin,[7] Chrysler's revamped Plymouth Barracuda and Kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, the first generation Dodge Challenger.[8] The Mustang is so Mustang was sold in Germany as the “T-5” until De- also credited for inspiring the designs of coupés such as cember 1978. the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri, which were imported Mustangs grew larger and heavier with each model year to the United States. until, in response to the 1971–1973 models, Ford re- turned the car to its original size and concept for 1974. It has since seen several platform generations and designs. 1 Background Although some other pony cars have seen a revival, the Mustang is the only original pony car to remain in un- The Ford Mustang was brought out five months before interrupted production over five decades of development [19] the normal start of the 1965 production year. The earli- and revision. est versions are often referred to as 1964½ models, but VIN coded by Ford and titled as 1965 models, though minor design updates for fall 1965 contribute to tracking 1964½ production data separately from 1965 data (see 2 First generation (1964 1/2–1973) data below).[9] with production beginning in Dearborn, Michigan on March 9, 1964;[10] the new car was intro- Main article: Ford Mustang (first generation) duced to the public on April 17, 1964[11] at the New York As Lee Iacocca's assistant general manager and chief World’s Fair.[12] engineer, Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the T-5 project—supervising the overall development of the Executive stylist John Najjar, who was a fan of the World [20] War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is credited by Ford to car in a record 18 months —while Iacocca himself have suggested the name.[13][14] Najjar co-designed the championed the project as Ford Division general man- first prototype of the Ford Mustang known as Ford Mus- ager. The T-5 prototype was a two-seat, mid-mounted tang I in 1961, working jointly with fellow Ford stylist engine roadster. This vehicle employed the German Ford Philip T. Clark.[15] The Mustang I made its formal debut Taunus V4 engine and was very similar in appearance to at the United States Grand Prix in Watkins Glen, New the much later Pontiac Fiero. York on October 7, 1962, where test driver and contem- It was claimed that the decision to abandon the two-seat porary Formula One race driver Dan Gurney lapped the design was in part due to the low sales of the 2-seat 1955 track in a demonstration using the second “race” proto- Thunderbird. To broaden market appeal it was later re- type. His lap times were only slightly off the pace of the modeled as a four-seat car (with full space for the front 1 2 2 FIRST GENERATION (1964 1/2–1973) 1964 1/2 Mustang convertible 1967 Mustang Hardtop bucket seats, as originally planned, and a rear bench seat those used on Ford’s Falcon and Fairlane. This use of with significantly less space than was common at the common components also shortened the learning curve time). A “Fastback 2+2” model traded the conventional for assembly and repair workers, while at the same time trunk space for increased interior volume as well as giv- allowing dealers to pick up the Mustang without also hav- ing exterior lines similar to those of the second series of ing to spend massive amounts of money on spare parts the Corvette Sting Ray and European sports cars such as inventories to support the new car line. the Jaguar E-Type. The “Fastback 2+2" was not available Original sales forecasts projected less than 100,000 units as a 1964½ model, but was first manufactured on August for the first year.[27] This mark was surpassed in three 17, 1964. months from rollout.[3] Another 318,000 would be sold during the model year (a record),[3] and in its first eighteen months, more than one million Mustangs were built.[27] Several changes were made at the traditional opening of the new model year (beginning August 1964), including the addition of back-up lights on some models, the intro- duction of alternators to replace generators, and an up- grade of the V8 engine from 260 cu in (4.3 l) to 289 cu in (4.7 l) displacement. In the case of at least some six- cylinder Mustangs fitted with the 101 hp (75 kW) 170 cu in (2.8 l) Falcon engine, the rush into production in- cluded some unusual quirks, such as the horn ring bear- ing the 'Ford Falcon' logo covered by a trim ring with a 'Ford Mustang' logo. These characteristics made enough A 1965 Mustang Fastback. 1965 was the first year the Mustang difference to warrant designation of the 121,538 earlier was available with a Fastback model and a 289 cu in (4.7 L) ones as “1964½" model-year Mustangs, a distinction that engine has endured with purists.[28] The new design was styled under the direction of Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, and John Foster[21][22]—in Ford’s Lincoln–Mercury Division design studios, which pro- duced the winning design in an intramural design contest instigated by Iacocca. Favorable publicity articles appeared in 2,600 newspa- pers the next morning, the day the car was “officially” revealed.[23][24] A Mustang also appeared in the James Bond film Goldfinger in September 1964.[25] To cut down the development cost and achieve a suggested retail price of US$2,368, the Mustang was based heavily on familiar yet simple components, many of which were already in production for other Ford A 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 models.[26] Many (if not most) of the interior, chassis, suspension, and drivetrain components were derived from Ford’s designers began drawing up larger versions even 3 as the original was achieving sales success, and while “Iacocca later complained about the Mustang’s growth, he did oversee the 1967 redesign.”.[29] From 1967 un- til 1973, the Mustang got bigger but not necessarily more powerful.[30] The Mustang was facelifted, giving the Mus- tang a more massive look overall. Front and rear end styling was more pronounced, and the “twin cove” in- strument panel offered a thicker crash pad, and larger gauges. Hardtop, fastback and convertible body styles continued as before. Federal safety features were stan- dard that year, including an energy-absorbing steering column and wheel, 4-way emergency flashers, and softer interior knobs. The 1968 models received revised side scoops, steering wheel, and gasoline caps. Side marker lights were also added that year, and cars built after Jan- A 1973 Mustang Sportsroof uary 1, 1968 included shoulder belts for both front seats. The 1968 models also introduced a new 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 engine. and rear track was also widened by 3 inches (76 mm), and its size was most evident in the SportsRoof mod- The 1969 restyle “added more heft to the body as width els with its nearly flat rear roofline[35] and cramped in- and length again increased. Weight went up markedly terior with poor visibility for the driver.[36] Performance [29] too.” Due to the larger body and revised front end decreased with sales continuing to decrease[37] as con- styling, the 1969 models (but less so in 1970) had a no- sumers switched to the smaller Pintos and Mavericks.A table aggressive stance.