California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB Capstone Projects and Master's Theses 2009 Changes in cover and use of Zostera marina habitat in Elkhorn Slough, California Nora Elaine Grant California State University, Monterey Bay Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes Recommended Citation Grant, Nora Elaine, "Changes in cover and use of Zostera marina habitat in Elkhorn Slough, California" (2009). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 71. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes/71 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Projects and Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. Unless otherwise indicated, this project was conducted as practicum not subject to IRB review but conducted in keeping with applicable regulatory guidance for training purposes. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHANGES IN COVER AND USE OF ZOSTERA MARINA HABITAT IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Labs California State University Monterey Bay In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Nora Elaine Grant December 2009 ! 2009 Nora Elaine Grant ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT CHANGES IN COVER AND USE OF ZOSTERA MARINA HABITAT IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA by Nora E. Grant Seagrasses provide an array of ecosystem services to the nearshore marine community. The goal of this study was to begin to determine the role of the seagrass, Zostera marina, in habitat provisioning within Elkhorn Slough, CA. Part one uses maps to assess variability in the spatial extent of Zostera marina in Elkhorn Slough over time and the potential of Zostera to provide a unique habitat to species assemblages within the slough. Part two examines habitat use within and among Zostera, algae and bare habitats in Elkhorn Slough by fishes and some mobile epibenthic invertebrates. Zostera beds were mapped a total of six times; twice in 2007 and four times during 2008. Habitat use sampling was conducted from February 2008 to October 2008, split into the three sampling seasons winter, spring/summer, and fall. Zostera, algae and bare habitat were sampled each season using a 1-m3 throw-trap and a stratified random design. Distribution, abundance and frequency of occurrence of species were compared across habitats and times using various metrics. Species distributions patterns indicated multiple potential habitat functions for Zostera. Species richness and diversity were highest in Zostera among the three habitats tested, and bare substrate was the most deplete of animals. Some species were exclusively found within Zostera while other species were distributed among all habitats. Trends in both size and abundance of particular fishes over time suggest Zostera beds provide nursery habitat within Elkhorn Slough. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisory committee; Dr. Lara Ferry-Graham, Dr. Michael Graham and Dr. Gregor Cailliet, for their expertise, advice and encouragement during my time as a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Labs (MLML). I feel very fortunate to have learned from and worked with the faculty and students of MLML who have provided me with an enthusiastic and passionate view of marine science. This work would not have been completed without the help of generous volunteers and friends. I would especially like to thank the MLML BEERPIGS and Ecomorphology lab for all their help out in the field collecting data or testing gear, in the classroom studying or at the lab brainstorming and troubleshooting. I grateful to Kamille Hammerstrom and Kristin Green for their field sampling help as well. I would also like to thank the diving and small boats facility staff for providing boats and equipment and keeping us safe out on the water. I would also like to acknowledge some awards and funding that contributed to this project; Friend’s of Moss Landing Marine Labs Signe Lundstrom Memorial Scholarship (2007), The David and Lucile Packard Research and Travel Award (2008) and the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Student Conservation Research Award (2009). This work was approved and permitted by SJSU IACUC #0891. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends for their emotional and financial support throughout my time in graduate school. I am especially grateful for my mother, and all she has taught me in my life. She always encouraged me to continue towards v graduate school and to pursue marine science. Sadly, my mother passed away one year before I started school at MLML and in her honor I would like to dedicate my master’s thesis work to her memory and a mother’s love. vi CONTENTS FIGURES: PART 1.………..………………...…………………………………. ix FIGURES: PART 2.………..………………..………………………………….. x TABLES: PART 1 AND PART 2.………....…………………...……………… xii BACKGROUND...……………………………………………………………… 1 PART 1: VARIABILITY IN SIZE AND SHAPE OF TWO ZOSTERA MARINA BEDS IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA……………………………………………………….... 4 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...... 5 METHODS Mapping methods……………………………………………...…. 9 Data analysis…………………………………………………….. 14 RESULTS………………………………………………………………... 15 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………..... 24 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………... 25 PART 2: USE OF ZOSTERA MARINA HABITAT BY FISHES AND MOBILE EPIBENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA.………………………… 27 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. 28 METHODS Habitat use sampling…………………………………………….. 32 Data analysis…………………………………………………...... 40 I. SPECIES-HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS……………………. 40 II. TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ASSEMBLAGES………...... 40 III. EXCLUSIVE HABITAT USE……………………………... 42 IV. NURSERY HABITAT FOR FISHES………………………. 44 vii RESULTS I. SPECIES-HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS…………………… 45 II. TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ASSEMBLAGES…….….... 51 Diversity of assemblages………….……………….……. 58 III. EXCLUSIVE HABITAT USE.……………………….…… 61 IV. NURSERY HABITAT FOR FISHES.………………..……. 68 Total abundance of fishes per habitat by age class.……... 68 Temporal variability of juvenile and adult fishes within Zostera, algae and bare habitats………….……... 70 Case studies of potential nursery function of Zostera habitat………………………………….……... 72 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….……… 80 Species summaries Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus)….……... 81 Bay pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus)…..…….…….... 82 Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)….…... 83 Shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata) and black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni)......……………….. 84 Arrow goby (Clevelandia ios).…………………………… 86 Flatfishes.…....…………………………………………… 86 CONCLUSION.………………………………………………………….. 87 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………… 89 APPENDIX I: SAMPLING CONDITIONS DURING ZOSTERA MAPPING EVENTS.………………………………… 90 APPENDIX II: FISHES: SIZE (mm) AT MATURITY………………………… 91 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..... 93 viii FIGURES PART 1: VARIABILITY IN SIZE AND SHAPE OF TWO ZOSTERA MARINA BEDS IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA Figure 1.1. Historic aerial image analysis of Zostera marina in lower Elkhorn Slough, 1931-2005…………………….............. 7 Figure 1.2. Total area (m2) covered by Zostera, estimated from aerial photos 1931-2005, compiled into four main time periods….......... 8 Figure 1.3. Aerial image of Elkhorn Slough (CDFG, 2005), indicating location of Seal Bend and LOBO Zostera beds………………….. 11 Figure 1.4. Aerial image of Elkhorn Slough (CDFG, 2005) with depth contours (CSUMB, 2003) and spring 2007 LOBO and Seal Bend Zostera beds……………………………… 12 Figure 1.5. Estimated total combined area of Zostera (m2) per season at Seal Bend and LOBO, and average tide height (m) during each mapping event.……………………... 16 Figure 1.6. Maps indicating size and shape of LOBO and Seal Bend Zostera beds during the six mapping events overlaid onto CSUMB Seafloor Mapping Lab 2003 Elkhorn Slough depth contours……………………………………………………. 17 Figure 1.7. Map of fall 2008 extended mapping showing Zostera throughout the lower Elkhorn Slough region……………………. 20 Figure 1.8. Plot of the result of correlation analysis of average tide height (m) during mapping events and total estimated area of Zostera (m2)…………………………………… 22 Figure 1.9. Plot of the result of correlation analysis of time (days of study) and total estimated area of Zostera (m2)………… 22 Figure 1.10. Result of regression analysis of time (days of study) on residuals of total area of Zostera (m2)……………………….... 23 ix FIGURES PART 2: USE OF ZOSTERA MARINA HABITAT BY FISHES AND MOBILE EPIBENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN ELKHORN SLOUGH, CALIFORNIA Figure 2.1. Throw-trap locations for all seasons of 2008 habitat sampling overlaid on the fall 2008 Zostera outline with 2003 depth contours (CSUMB)…………………………….. 35 Figure 2.2. Throw-trap locations during winter 2008 for Zostera and bare habitats overlaid onto the Zostera bed outline during winter 2008 with 2003 depth contours (CSUMB)……….. 36 Figure 2.3. Throw-trap locations during spring/summer for Zostera, algae and bare habitats overlaid onto the Zostera bed outline during summer 2008 with 2003 depth contours (CSUMB)……... 37 Figure 2.4. Throw-trap locations during fall 2008 for Zostera, algae and bare habitats overlaid onto the Zostera bed outline during fall 2008 and 2003 depth contours (CSUMB)…………… 38 Figure 2.5. Mean wet weight (g) (+/- MSE) of algal genera sampled during spring/summer and fall 2008…………………………….. 45 Figure 2.6. Wet weight of algae (g) per trap sampled during spring/summer and fall 2008 overlaid onto fall