Chapter 5 Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Chapter Outline 5.1. The History of Eucaryotes A. Theory of eucaryotic cell evolution: Symbiosis and endosymbiosis B. Cells, tissues, and organs 5.2. Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: External Structures A. Locomotor appendages: Cilia and flagella 1. Flagella 2. Cilia B. The glycocalyx C. Form and function of the eucaryotic cell: Boundary structures 1. The cell wall a. Fungal and algal walls 2. The cytoplasmic membrane a. Sterols b. Membrane-bound organelles 5.3. Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: Internal Structures A. The nucleus: The cell control center 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Nucleus 3. Nuclear pores 4. Nucleolus 5. Nucleoplasm 6. Chromatin/chromosomes/histones 7. Mitosis B. Endoplasmic reticulum: A passageway in the cell 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and cisternae 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi complex: A packaging machine 1. Transitional vesicles 2. Condensing vesicles D. Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus: Nature's assembly line 1. Protein synthesis and processing 2. Vesicles and vacuoles 3. Lysosome E. Mitochondria: Energy generators of the cell 1. Cristae 2. Matrix 3. Aerobic respiration F. Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis machines 1. Produce oxygen 2. Thylakoids 3. Stroma G. The cytoskeleton: A support network 1. Microfilaments or microtubules 2. Amoeboid movement H. Ribosomes: Protein synthesizers 5.4. The Kingdom of the Fungi: Myceteae A. Macroscopic and microscopic fungi 1. Mushrooms and puffballs 2. Yeasts and molds 3. Pseudohypha, hyphae, molds 4. Dimorphism B. Fungal nutrition 1. Heterotrophs 2. Substrates 3. Saprobes 4. Mycoses C. Organization of microscopic fungi 1. Mycelium 2. Septa (septate) 3. Non-septate hyphae 4. Vegetative hyphae 5. Reproductive or fertile hyphae D. Reproductive strategies and spore formation 1. Asexual spore formation a. Sporangiospores b. Conidia i. Arthospore ii. Chlamydospore iii. Blastospore iv. Phialospore v. Microconidia and macroconidia vi. Porospore 2. Sexual spore formation a. Zygospores b. Ascospores c. Basidiospores E. Fungal classification 1. Amastigomycota: Fungi that produce sexual and asexual spores (perfect) a. Division I zygomycota (phycomycetes) i. Rhizopus ii. Mucor, syncephalastrum, circinella b. Division II: Ascomycota (ascomycetes) i. Histoplasma ii. Microsporum iii. Penicillium, saccharomyces iv. Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii c. Division III Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes): Cryptococcus neoformans 2. Amastigomycota: Fungi that produce asexual spores only (imperfect) a. Division IV: Deuteromycota i. Blastomyces and microsporum ii. Coccidioides immitis iii. Candida albicans iv. Cladosporium F. Fungal identification and cultivation 1. Low pH preferred 2. Sabouraud's agar G. The roles of fungi in nature and industry 1. Opportunistic pathogens and mycoses 2. Occurrence in AIDS, cancer, diabetes 3. Aspergillus flavus and its aflatoxin 4. Saccharomyces and fermentation: Beer, cheese 5.5. The Protists A. The algae: Photosynthetic protists 1. Chloroplasts 2. Prototheca 3. Red Tide 4. Pfiesteria B. Biology of the protozoa 1. Protozoan form and function a. Ectoplasm and endoplasm b. Organelles c. Ciliates, flagellates, amoebas 2. Nutritional and habitat range a. Didinium and its feeding b. Limiting factors c. Heterotrophic nature 3. Styles of locomotion a. Pseudopodia b. Flagella c. Cilia 4. Life cycles and reproduction a. Trophozoite b. Cyst c. Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia d. Asexual reproduction—malarial and toxoplasmosis parasites e. Sexual reproduction and conjugation in ciliates C. Classification of selected medically important protozoa 1. The mastigophora (flagellates) a. Trypanosoma and Leishmania b. Giardia and Trichomonas 2. The sarcodina a. Ameba and pseudopods b. Entamoeba 3. The ciliophora (ciliata): Balantidium coli 4. Apicomplexa (sporozoa) a. Sporozoites—nonmotile b. Plasmodium 5. Protozoan identification and cultivation 6. Important protozoan parasites 7. Pathogenic flagellates: Trypanosomes a. Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei b. Chagas disease and the Reduviid bug vector 8. Infective amebas: Entamoeba a. Entamoeba histolytica b. Cysts and fecal contamination 5.6. The Parasitic Helminths A. Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes 1. Cestodes (tapeworms) 2. Trematodes (flukes) B. Roundworms: Phylum Aschelhelminthes (nematoda) C. General worm morphology D. Life cycles and reproduction: 1. Multiple hosts E. A helminth cycle: The pinworm 1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Fecal-oral route 3. Childhood infestation F. Helminth classification and identification G. Distribution and importance of parasitic worms .