Faith and Reason What is Faith? Meanings from the Oxford English Dictionary (1) a set of propositions that one believes “The Jewish faith” (2) a relationship to a belief “I believe that God exists on faith alone” (3) a relationship to an individual “I have faith in Ed” (that he will keep his word, etc.) (4) an attitude towards life To be willing to act in the face of uncertainty, hopeful that things will work out. What is Faith? Author of Hebrews (1st c. CE) Faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see. (Hebrews 11:1) What is Faith? Author of Hebrews (1st c. CE) Faith is being sure of what we hope for and certainUnderstanding of what is thewe reward do of faith. Therefore, seek not to understandnot thatsee. you may believe, but believe that you may understand. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) What is Faith? Author of Hebrews Thomas Aquinas (1st c. CE) (1225-1274) Believing something on faith means believing it to be true Faithbecause is beingGod says sure it is oftrue. what we hope for and certainUnderstanding of what is thewe reward do of faith. Therefore, seek not to understandnot thatsee. you may believe, but believe that you may understand. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) What is Faith? Author of Hebrews Thomas Aquinas (1st c. CE) (1225-1274) Believing something on faith means believing it to be true Faithbecause is beingGod says sure it is oftrue. Faithwhat begins we hopeprecisely for and where thinking leaves off. certainUnderstanding of what is thewe reward do of faith. Therefore, seek not to understandnot thatsee. you may believe, but believe that you may understand. Soren Kierkegaard Augustine of Hippo (1813-1855) (354-430) What is Faith? We cannot know in these matters what is true or false; we must simply choose to Fideism believe and to make this belief our own. We must take a leap of faith. is the belief that truth in religion Faith begins precisely is ultimately where thinking leaves off. based on faith rather than on reasoning or Take the leap of faith! evidence. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Small Group Discussion Believing something on Thomasfaith Aquinas means believing it to be true (1225-1274) because God says it is true. Given this definition of faith, which of the following statements might one “believe on faith”? (1) Jesus is the Son of God. (2) The world was created in time. (3) The Bible is the word of God. (4) God exists. How are Faith and Reason Related? (1) Does faith correct reason? (Augustine) or (2) Does faith supplement reason? (Aquinas) How are Faith and Reason Related? Reason helps us discover credible authority but, once found, reason must submit to this authority. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) How are Faith and Reason Related? There is a two-fold truth to religious claims. Faith Knowable only by faith; supplements human reason. reason can elucidate, but Ex.: that the universe was created not prove. Articles of Faith in time; that God is triune. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Knowable through reason. Ex.: that God exists; that God Preambles to is the cause of the universe. the Articles of Faith Revelation! Two Kinds of Revelation General: available to all. Special: available to some. General Revelation General Revelation: given directly to all people, typically through nature and with the help of reason. Special Revelation Special Revelation: given directly to one person or group, as found in scripture, prophecy, divine inspiration. Special Revelation in Texas Mother Who Killed Sons with Rock Found Not Guilty Sun Apr 4, 8:45 AM ET (2004) TYLER, Texas (Reuters) - A Texas woman who beat two of her sons to death with a rock and badly injured another because she believed God told her to do it was found not guilty by reason of insanity on Saturday. A jury of eight men and four women deliberated for nearly seven hours before reaching their verdict. Deanna Laney, 39, broke down in tears and shook when state judge Cynthia Kent read the jury's decision in the hushed courtroom in the eastern Texas city of Tyler. She could have faced life in prison if convicted, but instead will go to a state mental institution until the judge decides she is well enough to be released. […] Religion, Revelation, and Morality If God should really speak to man, man could still never know that it was God speaking. Sacrifice of Isaac (1603) Caravaggio (1571-1610) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Religion, Revelation, and Morality It is quite impossible for man to apprehend theIf God infinite should with hisreally speak to senses, distinguishman, it fromman sensiblecould still never beings, and recognizeknow it thatas such. it was God speaking. Sacrifice of Isaac (1603) Caravaggio (1571-1610) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Religion, Revelation, and Morality It is quite impossible for man to Butapprehend in some cases If theman God infinitecan beshould sure by that his reallythe voice speak he to senses,hears is not distinguish God’s. man,If the itvoice fromman commands sensiblecould him still to do never somethingbeings, andcontrary recognize to the moral it law,as such. then no matter how majestic the apparitionknow may that be, and it nowas matter God how it may seem to surpass the speaking.whole of nature, he must consider it an illusion . Sacrifice of Isaac (1603) Caravaggio (1571-1610) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Natural and Revealed Religion Natural religion is the set of religious beliefs that can be known through reason alone as it reflects on the phenomena of nature. Revealed religion is the set of religious beliefs that can be known only through God’s special revelation, either scripture or mystical insight. Natural and Revealed Religion Deism: the believe that natural religion is adequate for one’s salvation; special revelation is unnecessary or even deceptive and harmful. Some Famous Deists: (in America) Ben Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine (in France) Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (in Germany) Leibniz, Lessing, Kant Three Words that Sound almost the Same Fideism Deism Theism is the belief is the belief is the belief that truth in that natural that God exists. religion is religion is ultimately adequate for based on faith salvation; rather than on rejects special reasoning or revelation. evidence. Latin: fides (faith), deus (God). Greek: theos (God) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) “Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts” (1750) “Discourse on Inequality” (1755) “Discourse on Political Economy” (1755) The New Heloise (1761) The Social Contract (1762) Émile (1762) Confessions (1783) “Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains.” David Hume on Miracles “No testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle, unless the testimony be of such a kind that its falsehood would be more miraculous than the fact which it endeavors to establish.” Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), §10 (“Of Miracles”). David Hume 1711-1776 Proving God’s Existence Three Propositional Attitudes Theism Belief in P P = “God exists.” Atheism Disbelief in P Agnosticism Withholding judgment about P Three Philosophical Attitudes Philosophical Theism The view that P can be proven Philosophical Atheism The view that P can be disproven Philosophical Agnosticism The view that P can be neither proven nor disproven Proving God’s Existence A priori proofs [ontological] All of the premises can be known prior to experience. A posteriori proofs [cosmological, teleological/design] At least one premise is based on experience. Proofs of God’s Existence Ontological The meaning of the word ‘God’ includes existence. Cosmological The existence of the world requires a creator. Teleological/Design The purpose/design of the world requires a designer. .