Czech by Laura A. Janda and Charles E. Townsend © SEELRC 2002 ii iii Table of Contents 0. Socio- and geolinguistic situation .............................................................. 1 0.1 Location and number of speakers................................................................................... 1 0.2 Relation of Czech to other languages ............................................................................. 1 0.3 Dialectology................................................................................................................... 1 0.4 Diglossia........................................................................................................................ 4 1. Phonology................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Phonemes and alphabet.................................................................................................. 5 Alphabet........................................................................................................................ 5 Vowels..........................................................................................................................6 The liquids r and l......................................................................................................... 7 Consonants ................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Phonological rules..........................................................................................................8 Stress ............................................................................................................................ 8 Glottal stop....................................................................................................................9 Voicing phenomena ................................................................................................... 10 Consonant clusters...................................................................................................... 10 Vowel epenthesis........................................................................................................ 11 Phonology of Colloquial Czech .................................................................................. 11 2. Morphology.......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Inflectional morphology............................................................................................... 13 2.1.0 Morphophonemic alternations in inflection............................................................... 13 Vowel-zero alternations ............................................................................................. 13 Qualitative vowel alternations ..................................................................................... 13 Quantitative vowel alternations ................................................................................... 13 Type 1 (Òhalf-softeningÓ) consonant alternations........................................................ 14 Type 2 (Òfull-softeningÓ) consonant alternations......................................................... 14 Isolated and suppletive types....................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Noun morphology..................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1.1 Masculine paradigms ............................................................................................. 15 Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 15 Inanimate: rozbor ÔanalysisÕ ....................................................................................... 15 Animate: bratr ÔbrotherÕ ............................................................................................. 15 Animacy ..................................................................................................................... 16 Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 17 Inanimate: ko£ ÔbasketÕ................................................................................................ 17 Animate: mal’¤ ÔpainterÕ.............................................................................................. 17 Stems alternating between hard and soft ..................................................................... 17 kotel ÔcauldronÕ ........................................................................................................... 17 Special types ............................................................................................................... 17 -a virile: p¤ednosta Ôchief, headÕ................................................................................. 18 -e virile: zachr‡nce ÔsaviorÕ ........................................................................................ 18 2.1.1.2 Neuter paradigms................................................................................................... 18 Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 19 m«sto ÔcityÕ ................................................................................................................. 19 iv Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 19 Special types ............................................................................................................... 19 -«t-/-at- type: sl¬n« Ôbaby elephantÕ............................................................................. 19 -’ type: n‡b¤e¢’ ÔwaterfontÕ ......................................................................................... 20 2.1.1.3 Feminine paradigms............................................................................................... 20 Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 20 ¢ena ÔwomanÕ ............................................................................................................. 20 Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 21 r¬¢e ÔroseÕ................................................................................................................... 21 Feminine nouns ending in a consonant ....................................................................... 21 Nsg in zero, -e/« type: dla° Ôpalm of handÕ................................................................. 21 Nsg in zero, -i type: kost ÔboneÕ.................................................................................. 21 2.1.1.4 Nouns of variable or indeterminate gender............................................................. 22 2.1.2 Adjectival morphology.............................................................................................. 22 2.1.2.1 Long form adjectives.............................................................................................. 22 Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 23 druh´ Ôsecond; otherÕ.................................................................................................. 23 Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 23 prvn’ÊÔfirstÕ.................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.2.2 Short form adjectives and possessive adjectives .................................................... 23 Short form adjectives .................................................................................................. 23 nemocn´ ÔillÕ ............................................................................................................... 23 Possessive adjectives .................................................................................................. 23 bratr¬v ÔbrotherÕsÕ...................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2.3 Comparatives and superlatives............................................................................... 24 Comparative adjectives................................................................................................ 24 Superlative adjectives.................................................................................................. 25 2.1.2.4 Deadjectival adverbs .............................................................................................. 25 Adverbs formed from adjectives................................................................................. 25 Comparative adverbs................................................................................................... 25 Superlative adverbs..................................................................................................... 26 2.1.3 Pronominal morphology ........................................................................................... 26 Personal, reflexive, and interrogative pronouns .......................................................... 26 First