RATIONALISM IN EUROPE VOL. 1I ,.HISTORY RISE AND II_FLUEI_TGE OF TIIE 8P_IT OF RATIONALISM IN EUROPE. W. E. H. LECKY, /if.A. _EVISED EDITIOI_o IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. NEW YORK AND LONDON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1919 --2./\ CO_TEHTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. CHAPTER I Y.-- Cqatiau_. PART II. THE HISTORY OF PERSECUTION. Men who believe the Doctrine ef Salvation in the Church alone will always persecute-- Success of Persecution shown in the Cases of the Japanese Christian_ the Albigensse_ the Spanish Protestants, the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, and the Laws of Eiisa- beth--Weakness of the Objection derived from the History ef Ireland--And from that of the Enghsh Dissenters--True Causes of 0pintens--Influence of the Levitical Laws on Pcrsecution--Opinione of the Fathers determined chiefly by their Circum- atanses--Uncompromtsing Tolerance of Lactantins--Constantine pcrsecntes the Jews--And the Heretics--And the Pagans--Review of their Condition before Theo- dosius---Desteuetlon of the Temples in the Country Districts--Libanius--Even in the Days of Persecution Cyprian regarded the Levitical System as the foundation of dealings with Heretics--Theelogy of Perscentmn systematised by Augusttne--HIi Character and Influence---Aversion to the Effosion ef Blood--St Martin and Am- brose---Opinion that Ecclesiastics should under no circumstances cause the Death of Mea_lncresee of the Corporate Action of the Church sUmulates Persecution--l_e _rst Monks---Ruin of Paganism--The Church was they for several Centuries an al- moe_ unmixed Blessing--Decomposition of the McdiEeval Society renews Heresies- Which are encountered by Persecution--Innocent III.--Unparalleled Magnitude ana Atrocity of the Persecution perpetrated by Catholicism--Protestants persecuted not so atrotuoasly, but quite as generally, as Catholics--Examples in Germany, England h.eland_ Scotland_ France, Sweden, Amcrica_ and Holland--Persecution advocated a practised by Luther, Calvin, Beza, Jurlen, Knox, Cranmer, Ridley, Melanchthon, ct_ _luus and Zuingliu_ tolerant--Castellie, his Life and Writinga---A_awaroQ b_ P. 296 6 CONTENTS OF _vin and Bez_-Persecutfon by "l_teeLanin peculiarly lnezcn_b]e--Comparntivs _ty of Erasmus, H0piml, and More--Position a6slgned by Bomluet to Boc_uta_a and Anabaptists--Persecution a positive Dogma among Protestants---Toleration fa- voured by the Mingling of Religions produced by the Reformation_And by the Marrisge of the Clergy--And by the greater flexibility of Protestantism_Proof of this in a comparison of Tolerance in France and Englaud_French Tolerance ba_sd on three forms of Scepticism--Montaigne, the Sceptleal Man of the World--Dasearte_ the Sceptical Philosol_her--Bayle, th_ Sceptice] Scholar--The 'Compelle in,rare '- Political circumstances favourable to Toler_tion--Comparison of the Regency and the Restoration_Influenee of Vice on Historic Development--Voltaire--Intolerance of Rousaceu--Revointlon removes all Ciwl Dis_bihtles from Jews and Protestants-- Catholicism tucapable of adopting Religious Liberty--Bull of Gregnry XVL--I_ Protestant (_ountrles, Tolerance the result and measure of the advance of Rationalism --Writings of the great D_wnce of the _vantcenth century lead to it--Ftrst Move- ment dunng the Rcbelhon--Poliey of Cromwell--Contrast between the independ- ent8 and Preshyterians--Harrtngton--Milton--Jeremy Taylor--Repeal of the writ • De H_eretico comburendo '--Intolerance o[ Hobbes--Attitude of the Clergy durin_ the Revolut_on_Tolcration Act--Abrogatzon of the Censorship--Establishment of the Scottish Kirk--Complete Tolerance of Protestantism_Review of the influcu_ of Rationalism on the Method of Enquiry Page 11 CHAPTER V. ON THE SECULARISATION OF POLITICS, Y'neSecularisation of Polities consists of two parts: the elimination of Theolo_c_l In- terests from the Motives of Policy, and the substitution of a Secular for a Theologi- cal Principle as the Basis of Authority--Religion and Patriotism the chief Moral Prtnctpl,_s ot Seetety--The First the Moral Principle of Antzqulty--Type of Charac- ter itformed--PatrlotitshmeMoralPrincipleof Judalsm--Corrcepondtos the_pirlt of Sect in Reltgion--Chrtsttamty in the Roman Empire t_iumphed a the condition o1'transforming itself under the influence of the _ptrit of _ect--Gompiete ascendency of Theology--The Crusades--The Church replaced the C_wl Governmen_ when the latter proved ine$clent---The Truce of God--Contest between the Regal and Ecele- etastical Powel.--A Comparison of the Crusades end the Rehgious Wars shows the dcelining influence of Theology_Alliances of Francis I and Richelieu---Close of R_ |lgious Wars---The Inquisition separates Religious Questions from PoHties--Sketek _ts Constituticu and Progress--The Doctrine of the Incapacity of the Maglstrate t_ decide Religious Questions, which is the Basis of Modern Tolerance, first advo- osted In favour of the Inqulsltlon---Col]lslons with the Civil Power--Difficulty of De. Ecciestasttas] 0ffences--Unpopularlty attaching to the Inquisition_Deeltne d _tion--Suppression of Heretical Books still continued--Its prevalence in the FArly Church--Reuchlin---System of Religious Disabilities next abolished_Chan_'e hz France effcetod in 18S0--That in England acceleratebyd Iriah Poltny_Tl_ THE SECOND VOLUME. Parliament--The Clergy disappear from Offices of Power--Review of the steps of 8eeularisation_Deeline of the Temporal Power of the Pope--Political Life acts pew erfully on the Theelog3eal Hablt_-It diminishes the sense of the Importance el Theology--It leads to a neglect of General Princitdes--Dlfferenee between the Politi _al and Philosophical Standing Pnint--In_urious effects now resulting from the as eendeney of Political Modes of Thought--Important influence of Political Life in promoting a True Method of ]_nquiry--Thrce phases of the Confllet between the Sac. tm'lan and the Judicial Spirit in Politic_--The Secula'ri_tfon of the Basis of Author. |ty_Passtve 0bedience--According to the Father_ all Rebellion etnful--C_natdenng the Anarchy and Woralnp of Force that w_s then general_ this Teaching was f_vour- able to Liberty--The Election o£ Bishops by Universal 8uflrage--Conl]ict between the Pope and Kings favourable to Liberty--Power o£ Deposition--Moral Authority necessarily with the Pope--Public Penance--Power of Dispensation--Scholasticism favourable to hberlT---St, Thomas Aquinas--Doctrine of the Mediate Character of the Divine Right of Kings---The Reformation produces a Variety of Interests, and there fore of Polittc_ 0pinions--The Papal Party insists on the Right of Deposition- Works of Bellarmine and Suarez bmmt at Parls---The Je6u|ts proclaim the Social Contraet--Suarez de Ftde--Mariana de Rege---Tyranmcide fascinate6 an Early C_vlh- sation--Its Importance in the History of Liberal 0protons---First maintained unequiv- ocally by Jean Petit---Adveeated by Gr_vtn, Toletus_ Sa, Molina, Ayala_ and Kelle- rue--Murder of Henry III. eulogised in the League and by the Pope--Pohtiesi Assas- sination approved among Protestants--But the Jesuits were its Special Advocates-- Great Services of the Jesuits to L_berallsm_-Gallican Church represented Despotic Intercsts---12easons of this--Circumstances that made Patriotism in France antago- nistic to Liberty--Slight "luctuatlon produced by the Attitude of the Protestants in 1615--]_esointions of 1665 and _6S2---Bossuet---Proteetantism being a Rebelhon was favourable to Democracy--The two compez_atory parts of Primitive Church Govern- ment revived but dissevered--Different Political Tendencies of Episcopalianism and Preebyteriamsm--Dlfferent PolltJeal Tendencies resulting il'om the Relative Positions assigned to the 01d and New Testaments--Opimnns of Buss and Wycliffe and of the Leaders of the Reformation--The Scotch lead the van of Protestant L_beraltsm-- Knax--Buchanan--The Scotch Deputation to Elizabeth--English Dissenters assimi- lated with the Scetch--Debt England owes to the l_lon-Epia_opal Churches--Extreme servility of Anglicanism--Tbe Homihca--Taylor--Angliesnism supported every Re- aotJon_Exceptional Position of Hooker--Two Schools of Despotism in England-- Barc.ay, Filmer, Hobbes--Stdncy, Locke--Parallel between the History of Re_lgtoua tn_ n! Pol_lca_ L_berty _n E_gland---Grcatcat RngBsh _reethinkers tn_mies_ to Li'o- _ty--Hobbe_ Bolingbroke, Hums--Difference between the Growth of English and Yrench Liberty analogous to that between English and French tolerance--French Protestants--_ircumstances that diminished their /nfluance--Seetarlanlem lnoom. patible with Patriotism--Two currents of Opinion among the French Protestants-- The Liberal Opinion dominated--The ' Franee-Gallia' of Hotman_The ' Vlndielw ee_tra Tyraunea '--Mon*.algne notices the Subordinatio_ of Opinions to Interests i_ 8 CONTENT8 OF France_Revtval of Classical Writings acted on Llberty-.In the first p_ by the _ewod Study of Roman Law--Opinions of Bodin, Gronovtus, Noodt, ete._Ph_se Jurisprudence--Principal effect of the Classics m altering the Type of Herldsm_ Different Types resulting from the Sense of Dignity and the Sense of Sm--La BoOtie .--CL_umstances that prepared the D_moer_cy of the Eighteenth Century: First, the lncre_e of Capital; Second, the luercase of Knowledge---Servitude and Snperatltiuo the ncees_ry lot of all great bodies ct men before Printing--Third, Change in the Relattw Port, on of the Cavalry and Inflmtry in War--The English Archers--l_i_ of the Flemish Infantry--The [talon Condottmr]--The Inventzon of Gunpowder and of the Bayonet--Fourth_ Influence of Political Economy on Democracy--The French Revolution