FMSP Project R8196: Understanding Fisheries Associated Livelihoods and the Constraints to their Development in Kenya and Tanzania Annex 1.2: Understanding Fisheries Livelihoods and Constraints to their Development, Kenya & Tanzania Review Of Marine Fisheries Resources for Kenya Authors: Dr D. Malleret-King, Dr A. King, S. Mangubhai, J. Tunje, J. Muturi, E. Mueni and H. On'ganda This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the DFID. 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aims and Objectives of the review ......................................................................... 3 1.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1. The Review team............................................................................................. 11 1.2.2. Literature review .............................................................................................. 11 1.2.3. Interviews ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2.4. Mapping........................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Review structure.................................................................................................. 12 2. Fisheries resources: ecological and climatic context, trends and threats.... 13 2.1. Habitats, climatic diversity and fisheries resources .............................................. 13 2.1.1. Coastal habitats and fisheries resources.......................................................... 13 2.1.2. Seasonality, oceanography and fisheries......................................................... 15 2.1.3. Two biophysical regions................................................................................... 16 2.2. Fisheries resources and stakeholders.................................................................. 18 2.2.1. Resources exploited and potential ................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Number of Fishers and other fisheries stakeholders ........................................ 19 2.3. Gear, vessels and fishing use patterns ................................................................ 21 2.3.1. Main gears used .............................................................................................. 21 2.3.2. Boats ............................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3. Fishing use patterns typology........................................................................... 24 2.4. Catch, trends and reliability of statistics ............................................................... 30 2.4.1. Catch and reliability of fisheries statistics ......................................................... 30 2.4.2. Trends ............................................................................................................. 31 2.5. Threats to fisheries resources.............................................................................. 34 2.5.1. Decline in fisheries due to increased effort and destructive gear...................... 34 2.5.2. Habitat destruction........................................................................................... 35 2.6. Tentative valuation of the artisanal reef fishery .................................................... 35 2.7. Summary on fisheries characteristics and context ............................................... 36 3. Kenyan fisheries: socio-economic characteristics ......................................... 38 3.1. Fisheries stakeholders......................................................................................... 38 3.1.1. Origin of the stakeholders ................................................................................ 38 3.1.2. Gender division of fisheries dependent livelihoods........................................... 38 3.1.3. Dependence on fisheries resources................................................................. 38 3.2. Socio-economic status of fisheries resources stakeholders ................................. 40 3.2.1. Poverty in the coastal province ........................................................................ 40 3.2.2. Socio-economic status of fisheries dependent households .............................. 41 3.2.3. Gear choice and economic constraints ............................................................ 41 3.2.4. Fishing groups and access to capital ............................................................... 43 3.3. Socio-economic aspects of the fishery and implications....................................... 45 4. A review of key institutions relating to the governance of marine fisheries in Kenya.................................................................................................................. 46 4.1. Institutions and their roles .................................................................................... 46 4.1.1. Other sectors ................................................................................................... 48 4.1.2. Summary ......................................................................................................... 49 5. Site selection ..................................................................................................... 50 5.1. Selection criteria .................................................................................................. 50 5.2. Selection of sub-locations .................................................................................... 51 5.3. Selection at the community level.......................................................................... 52 5.4. Constraints .......................................................................................................... 53 6. Conclusion......................................................................................................... 54 7. References ......................................................................................................... 56 8. Appendices ........................................................................................................ 60 List of tables, figures and maps Map 1: Population distribution and ecological characteristics affecting fisheries productivity.......................................................................................................... 2 Map 1a: Kenya coastal Province (in green) and its districts........................................... 4 Map 2: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Lamu District ..... 5 Map 3: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Tana River District .................................................................................................................. 6 Map 4: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Malindi District .. 7 Map 5: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Kilifi District....... 8 Map 6: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Mombasa District .............................................................................................................................. 9 Map 7: Coastal communities involved in marine capture fisheries, Kwale District .. 10 Table 1: Background information on informants........................................................... 12 Figure 1: Seasonality of wind and current patterns in East Africa................................. 16 Table 2: Classification of the Kenya coast according to habitat complexes and biological productivity....................................................................................... 17 Table 3: Trawl potentials per area................................................................................... 19 Table 4: Number of fishers registered or estimated per sub-location (2002) and percentage it represents of the male population of the sub-locations considered (source: census 1999 and this study) .......................................... 19 Table 5: Percentage of catch (average 1991-2000)* per District (compiled from Fisheries Department statistics, see Appendix 5)........................................... 30 Figure 2: The difference between catch statistics for the Diani/Galu Kinondo area collected by the Fisheries Department (May 1992 – Sept. 1997) and CRCP (Sept. 1995 – Sept. 1997) ................................................................................... 31 Figure 3: Evolution of catch in MT between 1991 and 2000 (source: Fisheries Department statistics, see Appendix 4). .......................................................... 32 Table 6: Level of dependence on fisheries resources along the coast........................ 39 Table 7: Level of dependence at the District level ......................................................... 39 Table 8: Rural poverty (Adult equivalent) in the Districts of the Coast Province ........ 41 Table 9: Gear costs*......................................................................................................... 41 Figure 4: Main objectives of Fishermen's groups ........................................................... 44 Table 10: Name, status