APPENDIX Selected Archetypes and Story Forms Barbarian a savage warrior who conquers and destroys for the sake of destruction. Betrayal Story Form an ally or friend of the protagonist betrays his or her rela­ tionship with the protagonist for selfish ends, advantage, or political expediency and must pay for it. Champion a heroic leader capable of surmounting great and deadly challenges, including battles. Conflict with God (Deity) Story Form the conduct of an antagonist is in conflict with a deity who must humble the arrogant antagonist through an assertion of divine power or sovereignty. Crusader a Western occupier who conquers lands to subjugate and inhabit them; often conflated with Colonizer. Deity a god, goddess, or transcendent being. Deliverance Story Form the community, people, or nation of the protagonist struggles in a precarious existence and must be delivered from those conditions. Imposter one who lies about his or her true identity or intentions in a calculated fashion. Invasion Story Form a belligerent foreign force conquers the land of the pro­ tagonist and must be fought, defeated, or expelled. Martyr one who sacrifices his or her life in a just and righteous cause. Noble Sacrifice Story Form a protagonist sacrifices his or her life in a just and righteous cause in a manner that ultimately benefits his or her community, people, or nation. Pagan one who follows false man-made idols and backward traditions. 208 • Appendix Prophet a mortal agent of a deity who conveys the message of the deity or enacts divine commands. Ruse Story Form an antagonist enacts an elaborate plot to fool or mislead people by misrepresenting or hiding his true identity or intentions. Sage an elder figure of great knowledge who advises or teaches others. Savior a remarkable and rare leader who appears at a critical and precarious time to rescue or redeem a people or nation. Traitor one who betrays an alliance or personal bond for personal gain or selfish ends. Trickster one who purposely misguides others in order to lead them into misfortune. Tyrant an arrogant and cruel ruler who oppresses his people. Notes Introduction 1. William D. Casebeer and James A. Russell, "Storytelling and Terrorism: Towards a Comprehensive 'Counter-Narrative Strategy,"' Strategic Insights, Vol. IV, No. 3 (March 2005): 1. 2. See Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999). 3. Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 6. 4. David Betz, "The Virtual Dimension of Contemporary Insurgency and Counterinsurgency," Small mlrs and Insurgencies, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2008): 510-540. Chapter 1 1. Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash 'arism, and Political Sunnism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 60-65. 2. Alasdair Macintyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), 8. 3. The following synopsis of al Qaeda's narrative is drawn from two principal sources: Sebastien Gorka and David Kilcullen, "Who's Winning the Battle for Narrative? AI Qaeda versus the United States and its Allies," in Influence mlifare: How Terrorists and Governments Fight to Shape Perceptions in a mlr of Ideas, ed. James J. F. Forrest (New York: Praeger Security International, 2009), 229-240; and Tom Quiggin, "Understanding Ideology for Counter­ Narrative Work," III, 2, available online at: http://www.terrorismanalysts. com/ pt!index. php?opt ion=com_rokzine&view=article&id= 77 &ltemid= 54. (Last accessed on September 2, 2010). 4. Joseph Campbell, The Power ofMyth (New York: Anchor, 1991). 210 • Notes 5. Walter R Fisher, Human Communication as Nan-ation: Toward a Philosophy ofReason, Value, and Action (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989). 6. Clifford Geertz, "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture," in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973). 7. See Max Weber, "Objectivity in Social Science and Social Policy," in The Methodology ofthe Social Sciences, ed. and trans. E. A. Shils and H. A. Finch (New York: Free Press, 190411949). 8. So, for example, while the Southern Baptist Convention may select texts from its holy scripture to "prove" that women are lesser beings and to condone violence against them, one of its more prominent members, Deacon Jimmy Carter, can point to the same text and use his interpreta­ tion of it to divorce himself from the SBC in a public statement (see http:/ /www.guardian.co. uk/ commentisfree/2009/jul/ 12/ jimmy-carter­ womens-rights-equality). (Last accessed on September 2, 2010). 9. Kenneth Burke, On Symbols and Society, ed. Joseph Gusfield (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). 10. Translated into English by James Murphy. 11. H. L. Goodall, Jr., "Blood, Shit, and Tears: The Terrorist as Abject Other," paper presented at the "Managing and Legislating Workplace Abjection," University of York, United Kingdom, September 23, 2009. For an elabo­ ration of the Crusader/Infidel binary, please see Jeff Sharlet, "Jesus Killed Mohammad," Harper's (May 2009): 31-43. 12. Octavia Paz, In Search of the Present: 1990 Nobel Lecture (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990). 13. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984). Chapter 2 1. Ulrich H. Luft, "Religion," The Oxford Encyclopedia ofAncient Egypt, ed. Donald B. Redford. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. Arizona State University, 16 October 2009. http://www. oxfordancientegypt.com/entry?entry=t176.e0615. 2. Arielle P. Kozloff, Karol Mysliwiec, Roland Tefnin, Angelique Corthals, and Julia Harvey, "Sculpture," The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, ed. Donald B. Redford (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. Arizona State University, 16 October 2009. http://www. oxford-ancientegypt.com/enrry?entry=t176.e0640.s0002. Notes • 211 3. A. J. Wensinck, "Fir'awn," Encyclopedia of/slam, Vol. 2, ed. Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat, and Joseph Schacht (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 917. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibn Kathir, Stories ofthe Prophets, trans. Sayed Gad (El-Mansoura, Egypt: Dar al-Manarah, 2000), 275. 6. Ibid., 284. 7. Ibid., 287. 8. Ibid., 291. 9. Ibid., 294. 10. Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh, trans. Jon Rothschild (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 192. 11. Usama Bin Laden quoted in Henry Shuster, "Al Qaeda-linked Web site posts bin Laden tape text," CNNcom (November 14, 2002); Retrieved from http:// archives.cnn.com/2002/WO RLD/ meast/11/14/binladen. tape/ index.html. 12. Translation by Open Source.Gov; Retrieved from https://www.opensource. gov/ portal! server. pt/gateway/PTARGS_O _0_200 _240_51_43/ content/ Display/10802690?highlightQuery=eJzTcPcNMDiwsDQwM7IwNDYz MDDWBAAp9APo/o2B&fileSize=467198. 13. "The Propaganda War: War of Words," Islamist Magazine (January 2009); Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/ doc/1 010 1469/Islamist-Magazine­ Final-Muharram-1430-January-2009. 14. Abu Salman Faris ibn Ahmad al-Shuwayl az-Zahrani, The Game of the Pharaohs (1424 AH), 13. Chapter 3 1. Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (Cambridge, UK: The Islamic Texts Society, 1991), 15. 2. Mehmed A. Simsar, "Review: The Book of Idols or The Kitab al-Asnam by Nabih Amin Faris; Hisham ibn-al-Kalbi," Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1953), 167. 3. See, e.g., Leila Ahmed, WOmen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots ofa Modern Debate (Hartford, CT: Yale University Press, 1993). 4. Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 2, Book 24, No. 489. Retrieved from http://www. usc. edu/schools/ college/ creel engagement/ resources/ texts/ muslim/hadith/ bukhari/024.sbt.html#002.024.488. 5. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, trans. Anonymous (New Delhi: Islamic Book Service, 2002), 9. 6. Ibid., 82. 7. Ibid., 10-11. 212 • Notes 8. Shahrough Akhavi, "Sayyid Qutb," The Oxford Encyclopedia ofthe Modern Islamic World, Vol. 3, ed. John L. Esposito (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 402. 9. Qutb, Milestones (2002), 15. 10. Ibid., 17. 11. Ibid. 12. Qurb naively assumes that the people during the lifetime of the Prophet and the sahabah somehow managed to remain completely isolated or immune (on a conscious and subconscious level) to the influence of neigh­ boring communities, religions, and cultures. This is not at all the case. 13. Qutb, Milestones (2002), 20. 14. Ibid., 21. 15. Ibid., 33. 16. Ibid., 12. 17. Ibid., 38. 18. Ibid., 46-47. 19. Ibid., 95. 20. Ibid., 104. 21. Ibid. 22. Ahmad S. Moussalli, Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb (Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1992), 156. 23. Qutb, Milestones (2002), 107. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid., 118-119. Chapter 4 1. Safi ur-Rahman ai-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Noble Prophet (Riyadh, SA: Maktaba Dar-us­ Salam, 1995), 210. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 212. 4. Ibid., 215. 5. Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 5, Book 59, No. 330; Retrieved from http://www.usc. edu/ schools/ college/ creel engagement/ resources/ texts/ muslim/hadith/ bukhari/059.sbt.htmi#005.059.330. 6. This is a famous story in Islamic tradition. For a more detailed account, see Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1991), 59. Notes • 213 7. al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum, 223. 8. Ibid., 224. 9. Ibid., 226. 10. Ibid., 229. 11. Gilles Kepel, jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002), 145. 12. "Biography of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed)" in Abdullah Azzam, Defense ofMuslim Lands: The First Obligation after /man, trans. unknown (2002); Retrieved from http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/ azzam_defence_2_intro.htm. 13. Translated by Open Source.Gov; Retrieved from https://www.opensource.