Los Alamos Na4onal Laboratory, 5/14/2015 A Beginner’s Guide to Recrea4ng the Early Universe Xin-Nian Wang Central China Normal University Lawrence Berkeley Na4onal Laboratory 1 Forms of matter 火 水 土 (gas) (liquid) (solid) Bose-Einstein condensate, fermionic condensate, superfluids, supersolids, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, liquid crystals, … quark-gluon plasma Prerequisite Convention: Natural Units c =1 h =1 19 energy: 1 eV =1.6 10− J 2 36 mass: 1 eV/c =1.78 10− kg 2 2 me =0.51 MeV/c mp =0.938 GeV/c 15 length : fm = 10− m 24 time : fm/c =3.336 10− s Building blocks in the Standard Model g (gluon): Strong interaction W, Z boson: Weak interaction γ (photon): EM interaction Mass: Gravitation Higgs boson: Origin of mass Mass in our Universe Nucleon quark gluon 2 2 mu =2.3 MeV/c md =4.8 MeV/c 2 2 mp = 938.3 MeV/c mn = 939.6 MeV/c (uud) (udd) Quantum Chromodynamics quarks: spin ½, 3 colors gluons: spin 1, 8 colors Non Abelian Gauge Field => gluon-gluon interaction 6 Topological charge fluctuation in QCD vacuum Derek B. Leinweber nucleon 21% dark quark 75% dark matter energy gluon 4% visible Confinement matter ↵ m u¯(p)u(p)= N(p) s F a F µ⌫ N(p) + m N(p) ¯ N(p) N h |2⇡ µ⌫ a | i qh | q q| i q=Xu,d,s Nucleon mass ＝ gluon (95%) ＋ quark origin of mass vacuum structure Asympto3c freedom & confinement in QCD Derek B. Leinweber Strong Coupling constant （ 2004 Nobel） 9 Phase transi3on in QCD 7⇡2 ⇡2 ✏ = 6n + 16 T 4 SB f 120 30 F. Karch et al., 2014 10 Quark matter inside neutron stars Spin-up Spin-down New state of maQer: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) nucleus quark-gluon plasma (QGP) High%T,%µ! confinement( De#confinement* 13 Nuclei as heavy as bulls Through collisions Generate new states of matter Keran Li, T. D. Lee Tsinghua Plaza of Science and Technology, Beijing 14 Anisotropic flows in non-central collisions Animation by Jeffery Mitchell RHIC at Brookhaven google map Relativistic Heavy-ion Collider LHC: Large Hadron Collider ALICE STAR:Time Projection Chamber Au+Au Event at RHIC QGP in high-energy heavy-ion collisions! Big Bang Little Bang Hatsuda 12 QGP evolu3on in heavy-ion collisions µ⌫ Relativistic hydrodynamics @µT =0 Fluctuation in CMB Anisotropy of hadron spectra f(φ)=f [1 + 2 v cos(φ )] 0 n − n n X η/s=0.08-0.25 Quantum fluctua4on in a nuclei (nucleon) nucleus + nucleus proton + nucleus 26 QGP: a perfect fluid ⌘/s 27 Hard Probes of QGP Jet quenching quark transport in medium: energy loss, diffusion Theoretical development since 1990: including Vitev, Kang & Xing Jet quenching at LHC ET 1 ET 2 AJ = − ET 1 + ET 2 Jet propagation in QGP Jet Induced Mach Cone Jet and fluid transport property PH ENIX fluid transport jet transport ⌘ 3T 3 s ≥ 2ˆq 2 qˆ = pT /L Perfect fluid？ strongly h i Physics goals Thank you 34.