Sebastian Domsch Storyplaying Narrating Futures Edited by Christoph Bode Volume 4 Sebastian Domsch Storyplaying Agency and Narrative in Video Games ISBN 978-3-11-027216-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-027245-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago-TEX-Production GmbH, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Content 1 Introduction: What is Storyplaying? | 1 1.1 Preliminaries: Medial Forms | 6 1.2 Preliminaries: Exclusions | 10 2 Video Games and Narrative | 13 2.1 Gameplay and Narrative | 13 2.1.1 Gameplay and Game Mechanics: The Rules of the Game | 14 2.1.2 Semanticization and Fictionalization: Towards Gameworlds | 18 2.2 Narrative Forms | 31 2.2.1 Passive Forms | 31 2.2.1.1 Exposition | 32 2.2.1.2 Cut scenes | 32 2.2.1.3 Loading Screen | 34 2.2.2 Actively Nodal Forms | 34 2.2.2.1 Player Actions | 35 2.2.2.2 Quick Time Event | 35 2.2.2.3 Dialogue tree | 38 2.2.2.4 Event trigger | 41 2.2.3 Dynamic Forms | 43 2.2.3.1 Non-player Character | 43 2.2.3.2 Timed Events/Intradiegetic Clock | 46 2.2.4 Digression: Architecture and Protocols | 48 3 Non-Unilinear Gameplay in Video Games | 53 3.1 Levels of Observation | 53 3.2 Non-Unilinear Existents | 61 3.3 Non-Unilinear Objectives | 68 4 Non-Unilinear Narrative in Video Games | 75 4.1 Non-Unilinearity in Quest-Based Narrative | 81 4.2 Non-Unilinear Narrative Outside of Quests | 93 4.2.1 Character | 94 4.2.2 Spatial Narrative | 98 5 Choice and Narrative in Video Games | 112 5.1 The Anatomy of a Player Choice | 112 5.2 Choice and Meaning | 123 VI Content 5.3 Choice, Information, and Narration in Video Games | 128 5.4 Choice and Consequence in Video Games | 137 6 Narrative’s Contrast Agent: Moral Choices | 148 6.1 Valorisation Rules | 150 6.2 Valorising Morality | 155 6.3 Ethics and Rules | 163 7 The Future of Storyplaying | 169 7.1 Media-Economic Aspects | 170 7.2 Media-Technological Aspects | 171 7.3 Artistic Potential of the Medium | 177 Works Cited | 181 Index | 188 1 Introduction: What is Storyplaying? This study is to be understood as part of a larger research into a specific type of narrative that is termed future narrative (FN). The general features of this type of narrative are discussed extensively in Christoph Bode’s Future Narratives: Theory, Poetics, and Media-Historical Moment . Since his is the foundational theoretical work, I will quote at some length from his definition of FNs: ‘Narrating Futures’ is about a new, hitherto unidentified kind of narrative. The fact of its discovery is exciting in itself, but no less exciting is the key feature this new kind of narra- tive displays: it does not only thematise openness, indeterminacy, virtuality, and the idea that every ‘now’ contains a multitude of possible continuations. No, it goes beyond this by actually staging the fact that the future is a space of yet unrealised potentiality – and by allowing the reader/player to enter situations that fork into different branches and to actu- ally experience that ‘what happens next’ may well depend upon us, upon our decisions, our actions, our values and motivations. It might therefore be said that these narratives preserve and contain what can be regarded as defining features of future time, namely that it is yet undecided, open, and multiple, and that it has not yet crystallised into actuality. It is by virtue of their capability to do exactly this – to preserve the future as future – that these narratives are here called ‘Future Narra- tives’. Bode goes on to define what distinguishes FNs structurally from others, which are also called ‘past narratives’, and which are organized around events: Future Narratives do not operate with ‘events’ as their minimal units. Rather, their minimal unit is at least one situation that allows for more than one continuation. We call this a ‘nodal situation’, or a ‘node’, for short. (1.1) The node is the defining feature of FNs. Consequently any narrative that contains at least one node can be called a FN . But in how far can a situation be described as nodal, and a nodal situation be described as narrative? Well, as the definition says, a situation is nodal if it allows for more than one continuation, which means that the two continuations that are both possible from one point have to be differ- ent from each other. The state after the node can only be one or the other, not both at the same time, they are mutually exclusive. And yet, from the nodal situation , each of these mutually exclusive states is possible to be actualised. Whereas all narratives can talk about potentiality, openness or indeterminacy, these aspects are actually present in a nodal situation , they are staged by the structure of the narrative. 2 Introduction: What is Storyplaying? And how is such a situation related to narrative? Precisely through what the ‘mutually exclusive’ refers to: the state of a storyworld . Nodal situations are part of a narrative experience by the user. Nodes are a feature that can be added to any kind of narrative. In order not to exclude any of the manifestations of FNs, the definition of narrative used here is a rather encompassing one that is strongly influenced by cognitive narratology. Narrative is here being understood as any- thing that is conducive to the user’s mental linking of (at least) two events and the creation of a storyworld . Such a definition overcomes the shortcomings of essen- tialist attempts at pinpointing what a narrative ‘is’, in the sense of distinguishing concrete features in an artefact, be it a text, an image, or any other sign. It is less about what a narrative is , and more about what can be a narrative to a recipient. So nodes in a FN are part of a structure that lends itself to being regarded as a narrative by its user. The user is invited to mentally link at least two events and thereby start the creation of a narrative and a storyworld in which the events take place. And in addition to that, the node provides a situation in which at least two different changes to this storyworld are possible. This definition is highly abstract and therefore neutral on a number of aspects that can and will influence the way that FNs are created, presented, and experienced. Chief among those aspects is the medium used. In addition to the general investigation that also looks into the historical background of concepts of openness and indeterminacy, the larger project of analysing FNs also contains a number of studies that look at the occur- rence and forms of FNs in different media. This study will focus on FNs as they appear in gameplay in general and video games in particular. The existence of nodes turns any narrative into a game of sorts between the creator and the user, it heightens the ludic quality of the narra- tive by either directly granting the user agency (as in a Choose-Your-Own-Adven- ture [ CYOA ] book or a combinatorial book like B.S. Johnson’s The Unfortunates ) or at least by forcing the user to make differential evaluations of multiple continu- ations (as in sequentially arranged multiple endings – here the reader needs to position herself evaluatively, and choose which ending to prioritise). But many of those FNs use medial forms of PNs (a book, a movie) as their structural starting point and ‘gamify’ them through the inclusion of nodes. The following analysis will concentrate instead on those FNs that take a game structure as their starting point, and make this structure readable as a narrative. It is the guiding assumption of this study that some games, and especially many video games, are also FNs. Therefore, it will mainly attempt to show two things: how video games can be experienced by their players as narrative, and how this narrative, through its connection to gameplay (which necessarily intro- duces nodes), can enable the openness that is a precondition for their inclusion into the category of FNs. There will be a more in-depth discussion of this point, Introduction: What is Storyplaying? 3 but for introductory purposes, it should be said that this study has a very specific focus within the range of things that can and should be said about video games. This focus is on the perception of the play experience as having meaning in a fic- tional storyworld . Such a perception, it will be argued, is not necessary for games, but it is well possible and productive. ¹ This focus will therefore exclude attempts to explain what video games (or any games) ‘are’, just as it will not posit what narrative ‘is’. Some things are played as games, and some things are read as nar- rative, and sometimes, a thing is both. The latter is what is called storyplaying . What most clearly distinguishes video games from other medial realizations of FNs is the range of agency that they allow their readers. This is why we will refer to the user of a video game in the following as a player, even though this player in many cases will also have to be understood as a reader of fictional meaning, a reader of signs and implied or explicit narratives.