Appendix: Long-standing British Diplomats in the German Confederation (1830–63) [The appendix begins overleaf.] 209 210 Name Total length Years posted Postings in the Year of retirement of service in the German German Confederation and final post Confederation Sir John Duncan Bligh 36 yrs 21 yrs Vienna (1820–3) 1856; envoy to Hanover (1798–1872) Hanover (1838–56) John Arthur Douglas, 53 yrs 26 yrs Vienna (1818–23, 1860–71) 1871, ambassador to Austria Baron Bloomfield Stuttgart (1825–6) (1802–79) Berlin (1851–60) Sir Thomas Cartwright ca. 35 yrs 16 yrs Munich (1821–9) 1850; envoy to Sweden (1795–1850) Frankfurt (1830–8) Henry R. Wellesley, 1st Earl 43 yrs 20 yrs Vienna (1832–43) 1867; ambassador to France Cowley (1804–84) Stuttgart (1832–43) Frankfurt (1848–52) David Montagu, 2nd Baron 21 yrs 18 yrs Stuttgart (1825–8) 1843; envoy to Bavaria Erskine (1776–1855) Munich (1828–43) Francis Forbes 47 yrs 38 yrs Vienna (1814–22, 1828–32) 1859; envoy to Brazil (1791–1873) Dresden (1832–58) Sir Robert Gordon 36 yrs 15 yrs Vienna (1815–25, 1841–6) 1846; ambassador to Austria (1791–1847) Henry Francis Howard 44 yrs 38 yrs Munich (1828–32, 1866–72) 1872; envoy to Bavaria (1809–98) Berlin (1832–45, 1846–53) Hanover (1859–66) Sir Frederick Lamb ca. 41 yrs 21 yrs Vienna (1813–15, 1831–41) 1841; ambassador to Austria (1782–1853) Frankfurt (1817–23) Munich (1815–20) Lord Augustus Loftus 42 yrs 33 yrs Berlin (1837–58, 1860–2, 1879; ambassador to Russia (1817–1904) 1866–71) Stuttgart (1844–52) Vienna (1858–60) Munich (1862–6) Sir Arthur Ch. Magenis 41 yrs 10 yrs Berlin (1825–6) 1866; envoy to Portugal (1801–67) Vienna (1844–51) Stuttgart (1852–4) Sir Alexander Malet 42 yrs 23 yrs Vienna (1843–44) 1867; envoy to the Diet of (1800–86) Stuttgart (1844–52) the German Frankfurt (1852–66) Confederation Sir John Ralph Milbanke 41 yrs 31 yrs Frankfurt (1826–35) 1867; envoy to the (1800–68) Vienna (1838–41) Netherlands Munich (1843–62) Sir Robert B. Morier 40 yrs 23 yrs Vienna (1853–8) 1893; ambassador to Russia (1826–93) Berlin (1858–65) Frankfurt (1865–7) Stuttgart (1867–72) Munich (1872–6) Lord William Russell 10 yrs 7 yrs Stuttgart (1834–5) 1841; envoy to Prussia (1790–1846) Berlin (1834–41) Sir John Ward 25 yrs 25 yrs Leipzig (1845–60) 1870; minister-resident to (1805–90) Hamburg (1860–70) the Hanse Cities John Fane, 11th Earl of ca. 31 yrs 14 yrs Berlin (1841–51) 1855; ambassador to Austria Westmorland (1784–1859) Vienna (1851–5) 211 Notes Introduction 1 Bismarck to Johanna, 5.7.1862, quoted in: Gall (1986: i, 181); Bismarck’s report to King William in: Bismarck (1925: 384–6). 2 Following Schieder (1962: 27) the term ‘liberal-national’ is used in con- tradistinction to the later National Liberalism. 3 Moreover, the years 1864 to 1871 are well-covered; see: Hildebrand (1980; 1997); Metzler (1997); Millman (1965); Sandiford (1975) and Schaarschmidt (1993). 4 See the bibliographies in: Kennedy (1980: 553–86) and Pommerin (1997: XXIII–XXXVIII). 5 Martin Vogt’s unpublished dissertation [Vogt (1963)] only considers news- papers, periodicals and books. 6 Heydemann (1995). 7 Precht (1925); Scharff (1942); Valentin (1937b: 9–46). 8 Gillessen (1961); Mosse (1958: 13–48), while making numerous acute obser- vations, is based on little archival research. 9 Gillessen (1961: 66–155); Doering-Manteuffel (1991: 106–85). 10 Valentin (1937b: 134–201). Matthew Adler’s M. Litt. thesis [Adler (1986)] offers little. Gabriele Metzler’s impressive study [Metzler (1997)] contains many insights into British attitudes towards the German Confederation, but has a different focus. On commercial questions consult: Davis (1997). 11 Quoted in: Southgate (1966: 549). 12 Calculated on the basis of Turner (1948: 873). 13 Times (15.9.1832: 3b). 14 In 1858 and 1863 the figures were 31:13:5 and 34:12:6 respectively; see: Foreign Office List (1852; January 1859; January 1864). These figures exclude the consular service. 15 Bright (1907: 284). 16 For their individual details see the Appendix. 17 Middleton (1977: 225). 18 Forbes and Milbanke lead the field with 38 years each; Magenis comes last with seven years; nine other diplomats totalled twenty or more years of service in Germany. 19 Gordon only knew Vienna; Morier served at Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt, Darm- stadt, Stuttgart and Munich. On British diplomats’ work in nineteenth- century Germany see: Freitag (2000: ix–xvii); on the diplomatic service in general consult: Bindoff (1935); Jones (1983) and Middleton (1977); Hildebrand (1997: 66–83) offers a concise sketch of Britain’s foreign politi- cal machinery. 20 Frederick Lamb, Melbourne’s younger brother, was a career diplomat and received his first senior appointment (to Bavaria in 1815) and subsequent promotion (to Spain in 1825) from Tory governments. Palmerston kept the Tory Westmorland in Berlin in 1846 and subsequently promoted him. 212 Notes 213 21 Bloomfield, Cartwright, Erskine, Forbes, Lamb, Magenis, Malet, Milbanke, Morier, Ward and Westmorland received promotions from both parties; Cowley was promoted only by liberal Foreign Secretaries, but was kept at the important Paris embassy by subsequent Tory administrations. 22 Out of a possible 27 changes in Vienna, Berlin and Frankfurt between 1830 and 1863 (i.e. nine changes of government) only four recalls occurred: the 1st Baron Cowley was recalled from Vienna in 1831; Frederick Lamb from Vienna in 1841; Robert Gordon from Vienna in 1846; William Russell from Berlin in 1841. 23 Jones (1981: 50). 24 Cf. Steele (1987: 48); for more examples of this tension see ch. 2 n. 93, ch. 3 nn. 21, 46 and 101, and p. 187. Besides, Victoria’s and Albert’s German policies have already received considerable attention; see: Binder (1933), Eyck (1959) and Fischer-Aue (1953); on the limits of the Crown’s influence of foreign policy see: Hildebrand (1997: 73–7). 25 British expectations that the German Confederation would stabilize Europe are discussed by Gruner (1977a & b; 1981a and 1986); see also: Heydemann (1995: 23–9). 26 See: Heydemann (1995: 43–66, 135–44). 27 Schroeder (1994a) has characterized this detached attitude as ‘benign neglect’. 28 Hansard, 3rd ser., vol. 112: 228–444, 478–596, 609–739 (for Disraeli’s comment see: 733–4). 29 Palmerston to Russell, priv., 13.9.1865, quoted in: Bourne (1970: 382). Chapter 1 1 Wellington’s memorandum in: Bourne (1970: 215–16); for Britain’s reaction to the July Revolution see: Webster (1951: i, 79, 93–5); Gruner (1981b). 2 Palmerston to Sulivan, 1.8.1830, in: Airlie (1922: i, 173). 3 On the repercussions of the 1830 revolution in Germany see: Faber (1979: 136–48); Gruner (1983); Hardtwig (1995: 52–66); Huber (1968: ii, 30–91). 4 On German radicalism and the Hambach Festival see: Deuchert (1983: 39–66); Foerster (1982); Foerster (1988); Huber (1968: ii, 125–50, 164–7); Wende (1975: 23–31). 5 On the German national movement in the early 1830s see: Dann (1996: 111); Schulze (1991: 60–3); on the repressive measures employed by the diet see: Billinger (1991: 50–156); Huber (1968: ii, 151–63, 173–84). 6 On British foreign policy in the early 1830s see: Bourne (1970: 26–33); Bourne (1982: 332–407); Clarke (1989: 184–200) and Webster (1951: i, 89–369). 7 Webster (1951: i, 3); Southgate (1966: 43); Bourne (1982: 332); Gollwitzer (1965: 315 [author’s trans.]). 8 Bell (1936: i, 158); Southgate (1966: 51); similarly: Webster (1951: i, 221–36); Ridley (1972: 215–18); Bourne (1982: 367–71). 9 Heydemann (1995: 227–36 [for the quotation: 268]). 10 Disbrowe to Aberdeen, no. 43, 29.8.1830 (FO/82/24); Chad to Aberdeen, 214 Notes No. 57, 22.9.1830 (FO/30/31); Milbanke to Aberdeen, No. 25, 29.9.1830 (FO/30/32); Disbrowe to Aberdeen, no. 63, 29.10.1830 (FO/82/24). 11 Disbrowe to Aberdeen, no. 63, 29.10.1830 (FO/82/24); Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 116, 6.9.1831 (FO/30/35). 12 Disbrowe to Palmerston, no. 46, 1.12.1831 (FO/82/25). 13 Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 29, 22.2.1831 (FO/30/33); Disbrowe to Palmerston, no. 8, 15.2.1832 (FO/82/26); Disbrowe to Palmerston, no. 23, 22.5.1832 (FO/82/26) 14 Disbrowe to Aberdeen, no. 63, 29.10.1830 (FO/82/24); Disbrowe to Palmer- ston, no. 8, 15.2.1832 (FO/82/26); Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 33, 19.3.1832 (FO/30/37). 15 Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 143, 23.11.1831 (FO/30/35); Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 21, 19.2.1832 (FO/30/37); Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 27, 6.3.1832 (FO/30/37). 16 Disbrowe to Palmerston, no. 41, 20.10.1831 (FO/82/25); no. 46, 1.12.1831 (FO/82/25); Lamb to Palmerston, no. 59, 27.5.1832 (FO/7/234). 17 Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 131, 22.10.1831 (FO/30/35); Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 20, 18.2.1832 (FO/30/37); see also: Cartwright to Palmer- ston, no. 29, 6.3.1832 (FO/30/37) where the ‘Ultra Liberals’ Jordan, Welcker and Rotteck are reported to work towards an ‘antifederal System’; Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 50, 26.5.1832 (FO/30/38); for a discussion of Cartwright’s analysis of the tensions between liberal developments and federal duties of the individual states see: Heydemann (1995: 215–17). 18 Cartwright to Palmerston, no. 54, 2.6.1832 (FO/30/38); Cartwright to Palmerston, priv., 14.6.1832 (BP-GC/CA/535); Lamb to Palmerston, priv., 6.6.1832 (BP-GC/BE/42).