MTI Report 97-04 Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies Created by Congress in 1991 PROTECTING SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND PATRONS FROM TERRORIST ACTIVITIES CASE STUDIES OF BEST SECURITY PRACTICES AND A CHRONOLOGY OF ATTACKS Mineta Transportation Institute San Jos é State University San Jose, CA 95192-0219 IISTPS Report 97-4 PROTECTING SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND PATRONS FROM TERRORIST ACTIVITIES CASE STUDIES OF BEST SECURITY PRACTICES AND A CHRONOLOGY OF ATTACKS December 1997 Brian Michael Jenkins a publication of the Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies IISTPS Created by Congress in 1991 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3, Recipients Catalog No. CA/R-96/26 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Protecting Surface Transportation Systems and Patrons from Terrorist November 1997 Activities: Case Studies of Best Security Practices and a Chronology of Attacks 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report No. Brian M. Jenkins, Team Leader 97-4 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies San José State University 11. Contract or Grant No. College of Business-BT550 65W136 San Jose, CA 96192-0219 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S Department of Transportation California Department of Transportation Final Report Research and Special Programs New Technology and Research, MS-83 400 7th Street, S.W. P. O. Box 942873 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20590 Sacramento, CA 94273-0001 15. Supplementary Notes This project was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Research and Special Programs Administration, by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for the National Security Council, and by the California Department of Transportation. The project was conducted under the original title “Identification of Best Practices in Protecting Against Terrorist Attacks on Transportation Facilities, Equipment, and Passengers.” 16. Abstract Contemporary terrorists have made public transportation a new theater of operations. For those determined to kill in quantity and willing to kill indiscriminately, public transportation offers an attractive target. Because it is public and used by millions of people daily, there is necessarily little security. Passengers are strangers, promising attackers anonymity. Concentrations of people in contained environments are especially vulnerable to conventional explosives and unconventional weapons and attacks on public transportation, the circulatory systems of urban environments, cause great disruption and alarm, which are the traditional goals of terrorism. In order to effectively meet the threat posed by terrorism and other forms of violent crime, it is essential that transportation system operators have a thorough understanding of the security measures employed elsewhere, especially by those transportation entities that have suffered terrorist attacks or that confront high threat levels. This volume reports on the first phase of a continuing research effort carried out by the Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies (IISTPS) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Transportation. It comprises a chronology of attacks on surface transportation systems; four case studies of transportation security measures (in Paris, Atlanta, and New York, and at Amtrak); security surveys of nine additional cities in the United States; and an annotated bibliography of current literature on the topic. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement bombings, crisis management, derailing, emergency No restrictions. This document is available to the communications, emergency response, liaison with authorities, restoration of services, role of the public, sabotage, security, public through the National Technical Information security organization, security technology, threat assessment. Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 284 $15.00 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Protecting Surface Transportation Systems i TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 THE PARIS SUBWAY SYSTEM...................................................................................... 13 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM......................................................................................... 13 THE INCIDENT................................................................................................................ 17 CLEAN-UP AND RESTORATION ........................................................................................ 18 LESSONS LEARNED......................................................................................................... 20 AMTRAK..........................................................................................................................23 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM......................................................................................... 23 THE INCIDENT................................................................................................................ 26 CLEAN-UP AND RESTORATION ........................................................................................ 31 LESSONS LEARNED......................................................................................................... 32 THE NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY............................................................ 33 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM......................................................................................... 33 INCIDENT RESPONSE....................................................................................................... 34 CLEAN-UP AND RESTORATION ISSUES ............................................................................. 41 LESSONS LEARNED......................................................................................................... 43 THE METROPOLITAN ATLANTA RAPID TRANSIT AUTHORITY ............................. 49 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM......................................................................................... 49 INCIDENT RESPONSE....................................................................................................... 49 CLEAN-UP AND RESTORATION ISSUES ............................................................................. 58 LESSONS LEARNED ......................................................................................................... 58 APPENDICES................................................................................................................... 61 CRITERIA FOR TRANSPORTATION SECURITY.......................................................... 65 1. DESIGN AND PLANNING (PRE-INCIDENT).................................................................... 69 2. RESPONSE (INCIDENT) ............................................................................................... 75 3. RECOVERY (FOLLOW-UP)........................................................................................... 78 SECURITY CRITERIA AND THE CASE STUDIES ........................................................ 81 DESIGN AND PLANNING (PRE-INCIDENT)......................................................................... 82 RESPONSE TO INCIDENT.................................................................................................. 93 RECOVERY AND FOLLOW-UP .......................................................................................... 98 A CHRONOLOGY OF TERRORIST ATTACKS............................................................ 103 KEY OBSERVATIONS .................................................................................................... 103 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 104 CHRONOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 113 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND INITIALS.............................................................. 239 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... 241 Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies ii Protecting Surface Transportation Systems LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 MARTA Rapid Transit System Map.......................................... 62 Figure 1-2 Olympic Rail and Bus Entries.................................................... 63 Figure 1-3 MARTA Police Command Staff 1996 Olympics........................ 64 Figure 2-1 Targets .................................................................................... 106 Figure 2-2 Tactics..................................................................................... 106 Figure 2-3 Total Incidents With Fatalities ................................................. 109 Figure 2-4 The Deadliest Cases................................................................. 109 Figure 2-5 Countries with the Most Fatalities............................................ 111 Figure 2-6 Location of Attacks With Fatalities.......................................... 111 Norman Y. Mineta International