African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation Walter Leal Filho Editor-in-Chief Nicholas Oguge • Desalegn Ayal • Lydia Adeleke • Izael da Silva Editors African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation With 610 Figures and 361 Tables Editor-in-Chief Walter Leal Filho Research and Transfer Centre “Sustainable Development and Climate Change Management” Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Germany Editors Nicholas Oguge Desalegn Ayal University of Nairobi Center for Food Security Studies Nairobi, Kenya College of Development Studies Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Lydia Adeleke Izael da Silva Department of Fisheries and Strathmore University Aquaculture Technology Nairobi, Kenya Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria ISBN 978-3-030-45105-9 ISBN 978-3-030-45106-6 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-030-45107-3 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021 This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’sCreativeCommonslicense, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Climate change is a major global challenge. However, some geographical regions are more affected than others. One of these regions is the African continent. Due to a combination of unfavorable socioeconomic and meteorological conditions, African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts. The IPCC Special Report “Global Warming by 1.5 C” outlines the fact that maintaining global warming by 1.5 C is possible, but also points out that a 2 C increase could lead to crises in agriculture (rain-fed agriculture could decline by 50% in some African countries by 2020) and livestock, damage water supplies, and pose an additional threat to coastal areas. The IPCC also predicts that wheat could disappear from Africa by 2080 and that maize – a staple food – may decline significantly in southern Africa. In addition, arid and semi-arid soils are likely to increase by up to 8%, which will have serious implications for livelihoods, poverty reduction, and meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Pursuing appropriate adaptation strategies is therefore crucial to meet the current and future challenges posed by climate change. Despite recent progress since the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the Katowice climate package in 2018, there is still much to be done to raise awareness on the relevance of climate issues for African nations. This process of awareness raising could be supported by specialized publications written by African experts (or by experts working in the region), based on the realities on the African continent, and comprehensively documenting and disseminating the many ideas, approaches, methods, and projects being implemented across Africa today. Based on the need to address the above issues that the African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation has been produced. It discusses current thinking and presents some of the main issues and challenges related to climate change in Africa, as well as evidences from a wide range of studies and projects that show how climate change adaptation is being – and can continue to be – successfully implemented in African countries. Thanks to its scope and wide range of topics related to climate change, this book is intended to become a flagship publication on the subject. This handbook shares some of the latest research findings on climate change and its impacts in Africa. And apart from having provided senior African researchers and representatives from government and non-governmental organizations with a plat- form for the documentation and dissemination of their work, it provides an v vi Preface opportunity for young scholars from Africa to present their research and climate adaptation projects. Some special features of the publication are: 1. Over 100 scientific contributions written by African researchers and/or researchers based in Africa 2. All contributions have been peer reviewed by an international editorial team consisting of editors, associate editors, and reviewers 3. It represents all African regions and contexts, from North, East, and West Africa to Southern Africa. The body of information and knowledge which characterizes the African Hand- book of Climate Change Adaptation is of particular value to: early career and established researchers whose research and studies examine aspects related to climate change and climate change mitigation and adaptation in Africa; social institutions working on climate change and climate adaptation in Africa that need new information; nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); associations and compa- nies, especially from the finance and insurance sectors; government institutions (ministries of the environment, planning committees, etc.); international and national aid organizations; and other actors in Africa whose activities are affected by climate change. The handbook provides an overview of the impacts of climate change on the African continent and the methods currently being used to implement climate change adaptation. The experiences from the contributors will also be useful for interna- tional and regional experts working in the field of climate change and planning, as well as for all those interested in the linkages between climate change and climate adaptation. In order to support the training of a new generation of scientists, the African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation will be especially used by young scientists (M.Sc. students, Ph.D. students, and postdoctoral students). And, as importantly, the fact that this publication is available via open access means that it is free and can be read and used by all those interested on matters related to climate change adaptation in Africa, without any costs. Here, the editors would like to thank the assistance provided by the German Ministry for International Cooperation (BMZ), whose support has made this possible. The editors would also like to thank the authors for their hard work, their patience during the peer-review process, and willingness to share their knowledge with a wide audience. Thanks are also due to the associate editors and reviewers for dedicating their time in the assessments of their manuscripts. Their support is greatly appreciated. We hope that the African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation will support the regional and global efforts to assist African nations handle the many challenges posed by a changing climate. May 2021 The Editors Acknowledgments We acknowledge the support provided by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung), which has made it possible to produce the African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation as an open access publication. The editors also acknowledge the support provided by the International Climate Change Information and Research Progamme (ICCIRP) and the staff at the Research and Transfer Centre “Sustainable Development and Climate Change Management” at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences for the assistance in the promotion and monitoring of the project, as well as in supporting the authors. vii Contents Volume 1 Part I Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security .......... 1 1 Adaptation of Seaweed Farmers in Zanzibar to the Impacts of Climate Change ..................................... 3 Georgia de Jong Cleyndert, Rebecca Newman, Cecile Brugere, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, and Robert Marchant 2 Adaptation of Small-Scale Tea and Coffee Farmers in Kenya to Climate Change ..................................... 29 Alice Nyawira Karuri 3 Adaptive Capacity to Mitigate Climate Variability and Food Insecurity of Rural Communities Along River Tana Basin, Kenya .............................................. 49 David Karienye and Joseph Macharia 4 Agricultural Interventions to Enhance Climate Change Adaptation of Underutilized