UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DYNAMICS AND SPILLOVER OF REGIONAL CONFLICTS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TURBI MASSACRE BONAYA DUBA HUKA R52/80187/2012 SUPERVISOR: DR.KIZITO SABALA Research Project Submitted to the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Masters of Arts Degree in International Conflict Management of University of Nairobi. September 2014 DECLARATION I declare that this research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. NAME: BONAYA DUBA HUKA REG. NO: R52/80187/2012 Sign: ………………………………… Date: ……………………… This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor DR. KIZITO SABALA Sign: ……………………………… Date: …………………………. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENT......................................................................................................x DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .......................................1 1.0 Background of the Study ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Location of the Study .....................................................................................................4 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...............................................................................................9 1.3 The Objectives of the study .........................................................................................11 1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................................11 1.5 Literature Review.........................................................................................................11 1.6 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................21 1.7 Justification and Significance of the Study ..................................................................21 1.8 Theoretical framework .................................................................................................24 1.9 Research Methodology ................................................................................................28 iii 1.9.1 Research Design..................................................................................................28 1.9.2 Case Study ..........................................................................................................28 1.9.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................................30 1.9.4 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................31 1.9.5 Data Presentation ................................................................................................31 1.9.6 Target Population ................................................................................................31 3.5Sampling procedure ................................................................................................33 3.5.1 Sampling Technique ...........................................................................................34 3.5.2 Sample Size .........................................................................................................34 1.10 Scope and Delimitation of the study ..........................................................................35 1.11 Structure of the study. ................................................................................................36 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................38 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF MASSACRE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA .........38 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................38 2.2 Discourses on the Concept of Massacre ......................................................................39 2.3 Massacres in the Greater Horn of Africa .....................................................................44 2.3.1 Rwandan Genocide and Internationalization of Conflict ....................................45 2.4 Mass Killing in the Congo war ....................................................................................54 2.4 Wagalla Massacre ........................................................................................................61 2.6 The Shifta War .............................................................................................................65 2.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................68 iv CHAPTER THREE .........................................................................................................70 CASE STUDY OF TURBI MASSACRE .......................................................................70 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................70 3.2 Cross-State Border Raids Characterizing the Turbi Massacre ....................................71 3.3 Underlying Occurrences Leading to the Turbi Massacre ............................................73 3.4 Conflict Transformation of Borana and Gabra after Turbi Massacre ..........................76 3.4.1 The Effects of Signing the Declaration in Prevention of Future Massacres .......79 3.5 Specific Resource Based Conflict Management Related to the Turbi Massacre .........80 3.5.1Post Massacre Customary Approaches: Accounts of the Peace Process 2004- 2009..............................................................................................................................81 3.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................93 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................96 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND RESOLUTION IN KENYA 96 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................96 4.2 Mechanisms and Policies for Peace Building and Conflict Management in Kenya....96 4.2.1 National Policy on Peace Building and Conflict Management ..........................96 4.2.2 The Formal Justice System in Kenya................................................................102 4.2.3 Traditional Mechanisms ....................................................................................104 4.2.4 Government Led Initiatives for Dispute Settlement .........................................105 4.3 Challenges facing the NPPBCM Policy Implementation Process .............................107 4.4 Customary Approaches: Law and Declarations ........................................................110 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................121 v CHAPTER FIVE ...........................................................................................................123 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................123 5.1 Summary ....................................................................................................................124 4.1.1 Analysis of response rate and background information. ...................................131 4.1.2 Empirical results ...............................................................................................132 4.1.3 Analysis of the Background Information ..........................................................132 5.2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................136 5.3 Recommendations ......................................................................................................137 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................143 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................153 APPENDIX I : RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES .......................................................152 vi LIST