A Arner J of Potato Res (1999) 76:103-119 103 Wild Potato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua Puno, Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and New Genetic Resources David M. Spooner*\ Alberto Salas L6pez2,Z6simo Huaman2, and Robert J. Hijmans2 'United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590. Tel: 608-262-0159; FAX: 608-262-4743; email: [email protected]) 'International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Peruhas 103 taxa of wild potatoes (species, sub- Wild and cultivated tuber-bearing potatoes (Solanum species, varieties, and forms) according to Hawkes sect. Petota) are distributed from the southwestern United (1990; modified by us by a reduction of species in the States to south-central Chile. The latest comprehensive tax- Solanum brevicaule complex) and including taxa onomic treatment of potatoes (Hawkes, 1990) recogllized 216 described by C. Ochoa since 1989. Sixty-nine of these tuber-bearing species, with 101 taxa (here to include species, 103 taxa (67%) were unavailable from any ofthe world's subspecies, varieties and forms) from Peru. Ochoa (1989, genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less than three 1992b, 1994a,b) described ten additional Peruvian taxa rais- germplasm accessions. We conducted a collaborative ing the total to 111. We lower this number to 103 with a mod- Peru(INIA), United States (NRSP-6), and International ification of species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Potato Center (CIP) wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Sixty-nine of these 103 species (67%) were unavailable from collecting expedition in Peru to collect germplasm and any ofthe world's genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less gather taxonomic data. This is the first of a series of than three germplasm accessions. Despite the efforts by CIP planned expeditions from 1998-2002. We collected from to collect and conserve a representative sample ofthis gene February 18 to April 18, 1998, in the southern depart- pool, intensive exploration was prevented by terrorist activ- ments of Apurimac, Areqnipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Puno, ities in the past 15 years. Wild potato collecting in Peru was and Tacna. We made 57 germplasm collections, including therefore considered of fIrst priority by the National Institute 14 taxa that are the first available as germplasm for any of Agrarian Research (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion country (Solanum aymaraesense, S. chillonanum, S. Agraria, INIA), Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture; the National incasicum, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacro- Research Support Program-6, United States (NRSP-6); the lobumf.purpureum, S. longiusculus, S. multiflorum, S.pillahuatense, S. sawyeri, S. sandemanii, S. tacna- ense, S. tarapatanum, S. urubambae, S. velardei, S. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS villuspetalum), and two additional taxa that are the APIC, Association of Potato Intergenebank Collaboration first available for Peru but with germplasm from Bolivia CIP, International Potato Center (Centro Internacional de la Papa), and a herbarium code used by this organization for their herbarium in La (S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum, S. yunga- Molina, Peru sense). Collections also were made for the rare taxa S. CPRO-DLO/CGN, Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research, a(,:roscopicum, S. buesii, S.limbaniense, and S. santo- Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands lallae. Our collections suggest the following minimum INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agraria (National Institute for Agrarian Research), Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture synonymy may be needed for Peruvian potatoes: S. saw- IPK, German Potato Genebank at the Institute of Plant Genetics and yeri as a synonym of S. tuberosum; S. hawkesii and S. Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Gross Lusewitz, Germany incasicum as synonyms of S. raphanifolium; S. multi- MOL, Herbario Weberbauer, Departmento de Biologia, Secci6n ~ Botaruca, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Peru jlorum and S. villuspetalum as synonyms of S. uru- NRSP-6, National Research Support Program-6, Sturgeon Bay, Wiscon- bambae. sin, USA (formerly called the Inter-Regional Potato Introduction Pro- ject, IR-l) OCH, Herbarium code used by Carlos Ochoa for his private herbarium PTIS, Herbarium of NRSP-6 . Accepted for publication September 28, 1998. WAG, Herbarium of the Department of Plant Taxonomy, Wageningen ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Solanum sect. Petota. Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 104 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH Vol. 76 International Potato Center (CIP); the Centre for Genetic Alberto Salas) has collected extensively throughout Peru, Resources The Netherlands (CGN) at the Centre for Plant Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Other than selected iso- Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO), type specimens (duplicates of the holotype specimen, the Wageningen, The Netherlands; and the German Potato one specimen upon which a species name is based), the Genebank at the Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant majority of these specimens have been deposited in the Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Gross Lusewitz, Germany. This herbaria of CIP and OCH (Ochoa's private herbarium). Our report details the results of a collaborative germplasm col- expedition lacked these latter herbarium data that will be lecting expedition in Peru by INIA, CIP, and NRSP-6 from available with the publication of Ochoa's book on the wild February 18 to April 18, 1998; the other genebanks plan to potatoes of Peru (in press). collect with us in future years. The goals of the expedition We compared these literature records to germplasm hold- were to collect wild species germplasm and to increase them ings in an intergenebank database (Huaman, 1998;Huaman et quickly and make them freely available internationally. CIP al., 1996) that summarizes holdings from NRSP-6, CPRO- will distribute these genetic materials according to the in- DLO/CGN, IPK, CIP, the Commonwealth Potato Collection trust agreement between the International Potato Center and (CPC, Scotland), the Balcarce Potato Collection (INTA, FAO, and NRSP-6 according to established policy of the Argentina), and the N.J.Vavilov Institute (VIR,Russia). Because United States Plant Germplasm System. NRSP-6 has most of the rarer Peruvian species held by other genebanks, we used these collections for planning, and con- MATERIALS AND METHODS centrated on taxa with no or few germplasm collections. Permission to Collect In Peru as in much of Latin America, much of the coun- tryside is given very specific local names that do not appear INIA is the Peruvian institution in charge of granting the in gazetteers or maps. Many of these names are in native lan- permit for collecting activities of agricultural biodiversity in guages with sounds not common to Spanish or English and Peru. NRSP-6 and CIP obtained a general permit to collect in are often transcribed by collectors in different ways. These collaboration with INIA for a series of expeditions from 1998- names can be extremely useful to collectors by guiding them 2002. Because of the large size of Peru and logistical prob- to very specific places once near the area, but are most help- lems in Peru, and because of the many species in need of ful when accompanied by other published names of locali- germplasm collection, we proposed a series of five expedi- ties to lead collectors to these places. We determined the tions. Collecting in specific areas required addenda to this location of ambiguous localities in the field with the help of general permit. Addenda for collections in 1998 allowed col- local guides who also led us to many wild potato populations. lections in the six southern Peruvian departments of Apuri- We assembled locality data with the aid of 1) National mac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna. Only the Imagery and Mapping Agency (1995); 2) Instituto Geognifico 1998 expedition was funded and further expeditions await Nacional, 1:250,000-scale topographic maps (95 maps cover peer review of competitive grants to the USDA. These would Peru, currently only the maps for southern and coastal Peru continue to take two months each, from 1999-2002. CPRO- are available but the others are to be made available in the DLO/CGN and IPK will participate in some of these. next couple of years), 1:1O0,000-scaletopographic maps (504 maps cover; Peru, most are available), 3) physical and political Locality, Geographic, and Herbarium Data road and topographic maps for all 24 Departments, scales vary Prior to the expedition, we compiled locality data from: from 1:200,000 (Department ofTumbes), to 1:850,000 (Depart- 1) Correll (1962), 2) Ochoa (1962), 3) a database of herbar- ment ofUcayali), 4) Instituto Geogratico Nacional (1989). All ium records distributed by J.G. Hawkes, Birmingham Uni- available 1:250,000-scale maps (southern and coastal Peru) versity (Hawkes, 1997),4) individual species descriptions for and alll:1O0,000-scale maps for southern Peru were bought all type localities in Peru (the locality of the specimen upon by NRSP-6 and incorporated in the NRSP-6library. which a species, subspecies, variety, or form is based), avail- We made an altitude map with the GTOPO30 database. able from an unpublished database maintained by Ronald GTOPO30 is a global digital elevation model, provided by the van den Berg (Wageningen Agricultural University) and U.S. Geological Survey