BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Supplementary tables Table S1. The number observation days with missing values of air pollution in the 11 cities in Shanxi Province, 2017-2019 City PM2.5 SO2 NO2 O3 Datong 6 6 6 7 Jincheng 5 3 3 7 Jinzhong 2 2 2 2 Linfen 10 10 10 12 Lvliang 0 0 0 0 Shuozhou 2 23 23 23 Taiyuan 23 23 23 23 Xinzhou 0 0 0 0 Yangquan 1 1 1 1 Yuncheng 1 1 1 1 Changzhi 2 2 2 2 Table S2. Spearman correlation between air pollutants and meteorological factors in Shanxi, China, 2017-2019 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 O3 Temperature humidity PM2.5 1.00 0.59* 0.59* -0.29* -0.31* 0.06* SO2 1.00 0.65* -0.48* -0.55* -0.37* NO2 1.00 -0.55* -0.34* -0.16* Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax O3 1.00 0.78* 0.12* Temperature 1.00 0.33* Humidity 1.00 *p<0.05 Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Table S3. The estimated avoidable number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in the 11 cities in Shanxi, China China’s standard (75 μg/m3) WHO’s guideline (25 μg/m3) Overall Population attributable Population attributable City Avoidable value Avoidable value (in thousand) fraction fraction (95% CI) (95% CI) (%, 95% CI) (%, 95% CI) Datong 88 196 (60, 346) 0.22 (0.07, 0.39) 1642 (513, 2827) 1.87 (0.59, 3.23) Jincheng 57 160 (-96, 426) 0.28 (-0.17, 0.75) 514 (-309, 1371) 0.91 (-0.55, 2.42) Jinzhong 93 379 (-204, 984) 0.41 (-0.22, 1.06) 975 (-525, 2532) 1.05 (-0.56, 2.73) Linfen 75 688 (371, 1019) 0.92 (0.50, 1.36) 2387 (1289, 3527) 3.19 (1.72, 4.71) Lvliang 67 110 (-228, 463) 0.17 (-0.34, 0.70) 398 (-824, 1675) 0.60 (-1.24, 2.52) Shuozhou 29 204 (21, 399) 0.71 (0.07, 1.38) 561 (58, 1092) 1.94 (0.20, 3.77) Taiyuan 75 225 (-206, 675) 0.30 (-0.27, 0.89) 614 (-565, 1842) 0.81 (-0.75, 2.44) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Xinzhou 37 181 (-40, 415) 0.48 (-0.11, 1.11) 612 (-136, 1405) 1.64 (-0.36, 3.76) Yangquan 33 70 (-125, 274) 0.21 (-0.37, 0.82) 271 (-483, 1061) 0.81 (-1.45, 3.19) Yuncheng 49 511 (179, 859) 1.04 (0.37, 1.75) 644 (226, 1080) 1.31 (0.46, 2.20) Changzhi 80 93 (-204, 400) 0.12 (-0.26, 0.50) 420 (-923, 1811) 0.53 (-1.16, 2.27) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Table S4. The estimated avoidable hospital cost for respiratory diseases in the 11 cities in Shanxi, China China’s standard (75 μg/m3) WHO’s guideline (25 μg/m3) Overall Population attributable Avoidable value Population attributable City Avoidable value (million RMB) fraction (million RMB, 95% fraction (million RMB, 95% CI) (%, 95% CI) CI) (%, 95% CI) Datong 696 3.11 (1.52, 4.70) 0.45 (0.22, 0.68) 24.82 (12.15, 37.48) 3.57 (1.75, 5.39) Jincheng 320 1.39 (-1.27, 4.04) 0.43 (-0.40, 1.26) 5.30 (-4.83, 15.44) 1.66 (-1.51, 4.82) Jinzhong 559 4.46 (0.53, 8.38) 0.80 (0.10, 1.50) 21.07 (2.52, 39.62) 3.77 (0.45, 7.08) Linfen 489 9.75 (5.06, 14.43) 2.00 (1.04, 2.95) 29.40 (15.27, 43.53) 6.02 (3.13, 8.91) Lvliang 414 3.62 (0.49, 6.75) 0.87 (0.12, 1.63) 17.86 (2.40, 33.32) 4.31 (0.58, 8.04) Shuozhou 154 0.27 (-0.59, 1.13) 0.18 (-0.38, 0.74) 1.48 (-3.24, 6.20) 0.96 (-2.11, 4.03) Taiyuan 740 6.17 (0.50, 11.84) 0.83 (0.07, 1.60) 24.24 (1.95, 46.52) 3.28 (0.26, 6.29) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Xinzhou 306 1.93 (-0.79, 4.64) 0.63 (-0.26, 1.51) 8.04 (-3.28, 19.35) 2.63 (-1.07, 6.32) Yangquan 280 -0.04 (-2.75, 2.67) -0.01 (-0.98, 0.95) -0.17 (-10.90, 10.57) -0.06 (-3.89, 3.78) Yuncheng 246 4.92 (2.26, 7.58) 2.00 (0.92, 3.08) 15.28 (7.01, 23.55) 6.21 (2.85, 9.57) Changzhi 472 1.09 (-1.68, 3.86) 0.23 (-0.36, 0.82) 5.23 (-8.07, 18.53) 1.11 (-1.71, 3.93) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Table S5. The estimated avoidable length of hospital stays (LOS) for respiratory diseases in the 11 cities in Shanxi, China China’s standard (75 μg/m3) WHO’s guideline (25 μg/m3) Overall Avoidable value Population attributable Avoidable value Population attributable City (thousand (thousand days, fraction (thousand days, fraction days) 95% CI) (%, 95% CI) 95% CI) (%, 95% CI) Datong 885 2.53 (0.67, 4.40) 0.29 (0.08, 0.50) 20.20 (5.35, 35.05) 2.28 (0.60, 3.96) Jincheng 438 2.84 (0.16, 5.52) 0.65 (0.04, 1.26) 10.85 (0.63, 21.08) 2.48 (0.14, 4.81) Jinzhong 702 3.81 (0.21, 7.41) 0.54 (0.03, 1.06) 18.00 (0.98, 35.02) 2.56 (0.14, 4.99) Linfen 592 10.62 (6.30, 14.94) 1.80 (1.06, 2.53) 32.03 (18.99, 45.07) 5.41 (3.21, 7.62) Lvliang 503 1.37 (-1.54, 4.27) 0.27 (-0.31, 0.85) 6.75 (-7.58, 21.08) 1.34 (-1.51, 4.19) Shuozhou 239 0.98 (-0.16, 2.13) 0.41 (-0.07, 0.89) 5.40 (-0.88, 11.68) 2.26 (-0.37, 4.89) Taiyuan 680 4.01 (-0.44, 8.46) 0.59 (-0.07, 1.25) 15.75 (-1.74, 33.24) 2.32 (-0.26, 4.89) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Xinzhou 316 2.67 (0.45, 4.89) 0.85 (0.14, 1.55) 11.16 (1.89, 20.43) 3.53 (0.60, 6.46) Yangquan 310 1.16 (-0.94, 3.26) 0.37 (-0.30, 1.05) 4.59 (-3.73, 12.90) 1.48 (-1.20, 4.16) Yuncheng 392 9.93 (5.87, 13.99) 2.53 (1.50, 3.56) 30.88 (18.26, 43.49) 7.87 (4.65, 11.08) Changzhi 611 0.70 (-2.30, 3.70) 0.11 (-0.38, 0.61) 3.35 (-11.05, 17.74) 0.55 (-1.81, 2.90) Cao D, et al. Thorax 2021;0:1–6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215838 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Thorax Table S6. The estimated avoidable hospital cost and hospital stays for each respiratory patient in the 11 Chinese cities Hospital cost Avoidable cost (RMB, 95% CI) Avoidable hospital stays (days, 95% CI) Hospital stays City per case China’s standard WHO’s guideline China’s standard WHO’s guideline per case (thousand RMB) (75 μg/m3) (25 μg/m3) (75 μg/m3) (25 μg/m3) Datong 7.94 35.52 (17.39, 283.19 (138.65, 10.10 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) 0.23 (0.06, 0.40) 53.65) 427.72) Jincheng 5.65 24.53 (-22.37, 93.63 (-85.38, 7.74 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) 0.19 (0.01, 0.37) 71.43) 272.64) Jinzhong 6.02 47.99 (5.73, 90.25) 226.80 (27.10, 7.56 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.19 (0.01, 0.38) 426.50) Linfen 6.53 130.31 (67.69, 393.01 (204.15, 7.91 0.14 (0.08, 0.20) 0.43 (0.25, 0.60) 192.93) 581.86) Cao D, et al.