F-Project 03 2001/2002 Informal Settlements Development on Zanzibar A Study on the Community Based Provision of Storm Water Management Participants: Ameyibor, Steve Basteck, Timo Bierbaum, Claudia Frommeld, Nadine Giaourakis, Nike Hackenbroch, Kirsten Kirchberg, Axel Kutsch, Alexander Mendel, Maximilian Schlichting, Silke Schmelz, Sebastian Schoppengerd, Johanna Schulitz, Antonias Schützendorf, Judith Sufryd, Christian Vorberg, Thorsten SPRING WORKING PAPERS No. 21 Dortmund 2003 SPRING Studies in Regional Development Planning and Management in Developing Countries Revision of layout and content Bierbaum, Claudia; Frommeld, Nadine; Giaourakis, Nike; Hackenbroch, Kirsten; Kirchberg, Axel; Schlichting, Silke; Schoppengerd, Johanna; Schulitz, Antonia; Vorberg, Thorsten Project Supervisor Univ.-Prof. Dr. Volker Kreibich MA, University of Dortmund, Germany Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Scholz, University of Dortmund, Germany Project Advisor Dr. Ute Middelmann, University of Dortmund, Germany External Examiner Yao Yeboah, University of Dortmund, Germany Distributor SPRING Centre University of Dortmund Baroper Str. 291 44227 Dortmund Tel.: +49-231-755-2543 Fax: +49-231-7554398 E-Mail: [email protected] I Acknowledgements This report represents the outcomes of a student-project at the University of Dortmund, Faculty of Spatial Planning. For one year 16 students worked together on the topic of informal settlements and tried to answer the question how to provide basic infrastructure in those settlements. Besides this, one aim of the project was to reflect the German understanding of plan- ning and to get an impression of the completely different conditions in which planning has to take place in developing countries. During the work the project dealt with prob- lems of urbanisation in developing countries and the inability of the government to re- spond to it. As possible solution, strategies for “planning without planners” were ana- lysed and provided a new view on the possible actors of a planning process and their tasks. The four weeks of research in Zanzibar Town, which were carried out in February and March 2002, allowed to take a very close and lively look into these topics. Each member of the project developed his/her own very personal experiences and opinions on the situation. One major problem of the case study approach was that all necessary data had to be collected during this one limited period of time and it was very difficult to get additional information afterwards. Despite the continuous feedback process between the different methods, the research question and the first findings, it was impossible to foresee all the following working steps including the necessary information. For example the decision to create a technical concept was taken during the last days on Zanzibar. Therefore the questions in the interviews were not very detailed concerning this topic and the project faced difficulties in gathering the necessary information afterwards. But nevertheless the outcomes of the research were very satisfying, the amount of the conducted interviews, the mapping and the teamwork within the group lead to a good result. At the end of a very instructive and interesting year, we like to thank all the people, who enabled us to carry out this study. Firstly Mr Mohammed Habib Mohammed and Mr Mohammed Zahran Mohammed took a great effort by not only translating but also explaining our intention to the inter- viewees and important differences of the cultural understandings to us. Secondly we have to thank all the residents for spending their time to answer to questions of crazy “wazungu”, which might not always have made sense to them. In addition, the Sheha of Magomeni, Mr Hassan Ali Hassan, guided our work in the settlement and he as well as the Sheha of Mwanakwerekwe, Mr Ali Said Mpoto, explained all circumstances of their settlements. Mr Abdul Ali Suleiman and Mr Haji Miraji Abdullah explained the struc- ture and the attempts of the self-help organisations in the two case study settlements and Mr Ali Haji and Mr Rajab Mzee provided the necessary information on the two football clubs. Magomeni Football club gave us the opportunity of an exciting football match we played against them and let us for a few hours be part of their settlement life. Mr Mwalim Ali Mwalim, the director of the Stone Town Conservation Development Authority and coach of a second division team, contributed by explaining the context of life in developing countries and especially on Zanzibar to us. Many discussions on the different understandings of problems of planners and residents in informal settlement enabled us to understand a little bit how people in Zanzibar think and how they live. II Special thanks to the Zanzibar Sustainable Programme. Mrs Sigrid Pessel and Mr Sheha Juma Mjaja were not only interviewees but also welcomed us very warmly on Zanzibar and provided us with support and rooms. Additional important information was given to us by the acting director of ANGOZA Mrs Mariah Mahubaka, the Vice Town Clerk of the Ministry for Water, Construction, Energy and Lands, Mr Khamis Juma Mzee, Mr Mohammed Omar, a storm water management expert of the Zanzibar Municipal Council, and the head of the Solid Waste Department Mr J. Muhsin Rahmad- hani. A discussion on the first findings with lecturers from UCLAS gave important inputs and critics for our further working steps. Special thanks to Mr Sheuya who provided us with a “planning-bar-tour” through the suburbs of Dar es Salaam. Last but not least we would like to thank our advisors Prof. Dr. Volker Kreibich MA, Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Scholz and Dr. Ute Middelmann without whom this work would not have been possible. Based on the studies done by Mr Scholz and Mr Kreibich in the last two years, easier access to general knowledge on the issue of informal settlements and to information on Zanzibar Town was possible. In addition we profited from their existing contacts to the people on Zanzibar and were therefore able to find a great num- ber of interesting interview partners. And many thanks to Judith Schützendorf who participated with us during the whole year. We appreciate your work. III Table of Contents List of Figures.....................................................................................................VI List of Maps ........................................................................................................VI Acronyms .......................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 Informal urban growth in Sub-Saharan Africa...............................................................................2 Portrait of Zanzibar ........................................................................................................................4 History · Economy · Main population characteristics CHAPTER 2 Research Question and Methodology................................................................. 9 The research question.....................................................................................................................9 Selection of the infrastructure example · Hypotheses · Approaching the analysis · Aim of the project Methodological approach.............................................................................................................12 Interviews · Spatial analysis · Evaluation CHAPTER 3 Informal Urban Growth in Zanzibar Town.................................................... 15 Urban development in Zanzibar Town.........................................................................................15 Informally emerged urban settlements .........................................................................................18 Causes for informal settlements · Process of informal land management Infrastructure problems.................................................................................................................23 The problem of storm water management · Other infrastructure problems and their relation to storm water management Important aspects of informal urban growth................................................................................28 CHAPTER 4 Technical Solutions for Storm Water Management ....................................... 29 Discharging ..............................................................................................................................29 Seepage ..............................................................................................................................31 Rainwater harvesting....................................................................................................................33 Comparison of the different technical solutions ..........................................................................33 Examples ..............................................................................................................................34 Hanna Nassif · Jang’ombe-Urusi IV CHAPTER 5 Implementation and Management ....................................................................37 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 37 Responses and strategic approaches to informal settlements....................................................... 38 Influencing informal development by lowering