Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock, Brown University Thomas Harrison, Liverpool Willem M. Jongman, Groningen VOLUME 342 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/mns-haca Processes of Integration and Identity Formation in the Roman Republic Edited by S.T. Roselaar LEIDEn • bostoN 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Processes of integration and identity formation in the Roman Republic / edited by S.T. Roselaar. p. cm. — (Mnemosyne supplements—History and archaeology of classical antiquity ; v. 342) This volume is the result of a conference held at the University of Manchester in July 2010, which focused on issues related to integration and identity in the Roman Republic. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22911-2 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. Rome—History—Republic, 265–30 B.C.— Congresses. 2. Italic peoples—History—Congresses. 3. Italic peoples—Cultural assimilation— Congresses. 4. Group identity—Rome—Congresses. 5. Italy—History—To 476—Congresses. I. Roselaar, Saskia T. DG250.5.P76 2012 937'.02—dc23 2012007861 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 978 90 04 22911 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22960 0 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Introduction: Integration and Identity in the Roman Republic ...... 1 Saskia T. Roselaar Regionalism: Towards a New Perspective of Cultural Change in Central Italy, c. 350–100 bc ..................................................................... 17 Roman Roth The Beginning of the First Punic War and the Concept of Italia .... 35 Federico Russo Identity Construction and Boundaries: Hellenistic Perugia .............. 51 Skylar Neil Reconsidering socii in Roman Armies before the Punic Wars ......... 71 Patrick Kent Integration and Armies in the Middle Republic ................................... 85 Nathan S. Rosenstein Appian, Allied Ambassadors, and the Rejection of 91: Why the Romans Chose to Fight the Bellum Sociale ........................................ 105 Seth Kendall The Lex Licinia Mucia and the Bellum Italicum .................................... 123 Fiona C. Tweedie Mediterranean Trade as a Mechanism of Integration between Romans and Italians ................................................................................. 141 Saskia T. Roselaar Outposts of Integration? Garrisoning, Logistics and Archaeology in North-Eastern Hispania, 133-82 bc .................................................. 159 Toni Ñaco del Hoyo & Jordi Principal vi contents Samnite Economy and the Competitive Environment of Italy in the Fifth to Third Centuries bc ............................................................. 179 Daniel C. Hoyer The Weakest Link: Elite Social Networks in Republican Italy .......... 197 Kathryn Lomas Contact, Co-operation, and Conflict in Pre-Social War Italy ............ 215 John R. Patterson Rome and Antium: Pirates, Polities, and Identity in the Middle Republic ........................................................................................................ 227 Edward Bispham A Localized Approach to the Study of Integration and Identity in Southern Italy .............................................................................................. 247 Elizabeth C. Robinson Settlement Structures and Institutional ‘Continuity’ in Capua until the Deductio Coloniaria of 59 bc ........................................................... 273 Osvaldo Sacchi Integration, Identity, and Language Shift: Strengths and Weaknesses of the ‘Linguistic’ Evidence ............................................ 289 David Langslow Problems and Audience in Cato’s Origines ............................................. 311 Eleanor Jefferson Juno Sospita: A Foreign Goddess through Roman Eyes ..................... 327 Rianne Hermans Feronia. The Role of an Italic Goddess in the Process of Cultural Integration in Republican Italy ............................................................. 337 Massimiliano Di Fazio Tiburnus, Albunea, Hercules Victor: The Cults of Tibur between Integration and Assertion of Local Identity ...................................... 355 Elisabeth Buchet contents vii General Conclusion ........................................................................................ 365 Saskia T. Roselaar Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 373 Index ................................................................................................................... 401 INTRODUCTION: INTEGRATION AND IDENTITY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Saskia T. Roselaar* 1. Introduction This volume is the result of a conference held at the University of Man- chester in July 2010, which focused on issues related to integration and identity in the Roman Republic.1 The reader may perhaps wonder whether there is a need for yet another volume on identity in the ancient world, a subject which has been the subject of much recent scholarship. How- ever, we feel that this volume adds essential new insights to the existing literature and shows that there are many areas that need further investi- gation. Firstly, the Roman Republic has not received as much attention as other periods in antiquity. Secondly, debates on integration and iden- tity are often very general: they focus on general processes of integration and identity formation, looking for rules and models that can be applied over a wide area and through various periods in time. However, they do not always take sufficiently into account the myriad local variations that occurred throughout the Roman Republic and the motivations of the individuals experiencing and participating in these processes. Although general models can certainly be helpful to explain such processes, local situations should form the starting point of any enquiry into integration and identity formation. The studies in this volume try to go beyond the arguments of definition and applicability that have so often bogged down recent scholarship. By taking local situations and individuals as their start- ing point, they attempt to shed new light on these recent debates. Throughout this volume it will be emphasized that the integration of Italy under Roman rule was a complex process, which showed many local * University of Nottingham; [email protected]. 1 Some papers and posters presented at the conference are not published in this vol- ume. They are: G.J. Bradley, ‘The social and ethnic mobility of the elite in central Italy from the archaic to the mid-Republican period’; T.J. Cornell, ‘The Romanization debate’; A. Coşkun, ‘Citizenship in the context of law, culture, politics, and society: the construction of Romanness in Cicero’s Archiana’; J. Ferriss-Hill, ‘An ancient understanding of cognate relationships? Varro’s treatment of Latin-Sabellic pairs in the De Lingua Latina’; E. Isayev, ‘What and where was Rome after the Social War?’, and M. Termeer, ‘The Latin colonies of central Italy in the Middle Republic: cultural communities between local and Roman’. 2 saskia t. roselaar and regional variations. The contributors to this volume hope that it will give at least an introduction to these complex issues and that the top- ics discussed here will lead to further fruitful research into other aspects of the fascinating processes of integration and identity formation in Republican Italy. 2. The Study of Integration Processes: ‘Points of Contact’ A modern definition of integration states that it is ‘the intermixing of people who were previously segregated’, specifically ‘the bringing into equal membership of a common society those groups or persons pre- viously discriminated against on racial or cultural grounds’.2 While the Italian peoples did not form one coherent subordinate group, the Roman state did become the dominant political unit during the Republic. This had far-reaching consequences for the Italians, but also for the Romans themselves. These changes are most clearly visible in the culture and lan- guage of the Italian peoples: by the end of the first century bc, Italy shared many elements of culture which had not been present everywhere in ear- lier periods, for example theatres, baths, roads, and regular town layouts. However, local variations, of course, still existed, as will be emphasized throughout this volume. Furthermore, the Latin language was now in gen- eral use throughout Italy; most other languages had already