Política pública Desarrollo de capacidades David Barton Bray and Elvira Duran-Medina August, 2014 Options for Reducing Carbon Arquitectura financiera Emissions in Forest Management in the Oaxaca and Chihuahua Áreas de MRV Acción Temprana REDD+ (AATR) Comunicación ALIANZA MÉXICO PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE EMISIONES POR DEFORESTACIÓN Y DEGRADACIÓN ALIANZA MÉXICO PARA LA REDUCCIÓN DE EMISIONES POR DEFORESTACIÓN Y DEGRADACIÓN Survey Forest Communities and Forest Management-Oaxaca and Chihuahua AATRs www.alianza-mredd.org Esta informe ha sido posible gracias al generoso apoyo del pueblo de los Estados Unidos a través de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) bajo los términos de su Acuerdo de Cooperación No. AID-523-A-11-00001 (Proyecto de Reducción de Emisiones por la Deforestación y la Degradación de Bosques de México) implementado por el adjudicatario principal The Nature Conservancy y sus socios (Rainforest Alliance, Woods Hole Research Center y Espacios Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable). Los contenidos y opiniones expresadas aquí son responsabilidad de sus autores y no reflejan los puntos de vista del Proyecto de Reducción de Emisiones por la Deforestación y la Degradación de Bosques de México y de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY-ENGLISH ............................................................................................................................. 6 RESUMEN-ESPAÑOL .............................................................................................................................................. 11 I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 19 1. The Mexican Forest Regulatory Framework and Its Relationship to Improved Forest Management (IFM) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification. ......................................................................................... 20 2. Significant Forest Management Regimes ...................................................................................................... 26 3. Silvicultural Practices: Uneven-aged and Even-Aged Systems in Mexico and Their Variants. ...................... 28 3.1 MMOBI .................................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 MDS ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.2.1 Regeneration Cut. ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Liberation cut ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.2.3 Preaclareo (precommercial thinning) .............................................................................................. 30 3.2.4 Aclareos (thinning). .......................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Group Selection or Strip Clear-Cutting (seleccion grupal o matarassa en franjas). ................................ 31 3.4 SICODESI .................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.5 Restoration Logging ................................................................................................................................. 33 3.5.1 Restoration Logging in San Pedro Nuxiño ........................................................................................ 34 4. The Forest Management Program Planning Process. ................................................................................... 34 5. Notes on Silviculture for both Timber and Carbon Capture and Extending Rotations. ................................ 38 II. Methods and the Databases ..................................................................................................................... 41 1. Study Universe and Sampling Issues ......................................................................................................... 42 1.1 The Oaxaca AATRs study universe and sampling issues ......................................................................... 42 1.2 The Chihuahua Universe and Sampling Issues ........................................................................................ 44 2 III. Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 47 1. Field Survey-Sierra Norte AATR ..................................................................................................................... 47 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 47 1.2 Legal and Historic Information ................................................................................................................ 50 1.2.1 Time since Tenure Established ......................................................................................................... 50 1.2.2 Tenure Type. .................................................................................................................................... 50 1.2.3 Title Conflicts .................................................................................................................................... 50 1.2.4 Certification Status ........................................................................................................................... 51 1.3. Demographic Information ...................................................................................................................... 53 1.3.1 Ethnic Group ..................................................................................................................................... 53 1.3.2 Average Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 54 1.3.3 Emigration (Transience) ................................................................................................................... 56 1.4. Land Use and Economic Information ..................................................................................................... 57 1.4.1 Percentage of land use in different production systems ................................................................. 57 1.4.2. Percentage of Income Generated From Different Production Systems ......................................... 58 1.4.3 Subsistence Products from different land production systems. ...................................................... 60 1.4.4 Payment for Ecosystem Services ...................................................................................................... 62 1.4.5 Type of Wood Products Generated.................................................................................................. 62 1.4.6 Timber Production System: native forest or plantation. ................................................................. 63 1.4.7 Status of Land Use Planning and Monitoring. .................................................................................. 64 1.4.7 Presence of a cooperative management institution to facilitate land use decision and negotiations. ............................................................................................................................................. 64 1.4.8 Interactions with non-profit organizations promoting conservation or other social benefits. ....... 65 2. Sierra Norte AATR Improved Forest Management Study ......................................................................... 65 2.1 Silvicultural Practices ............................................................................................................................... 66 3 2.2 Timber extraction practices (felling, skidding, and hauling) ................................................................... 67 2.2.1 Felling ............................................................................................................................................... 70 2.2.2 Skidding ............................................................................................................................................ 73 2.2.3 Hauling ............................................................................................................................................. 75 2.2.4 Post-Harvest Treatments ................................................................................................................. 76 2.3 Forest Measurements, Management Units, Harvest Schedules and Timber Harvest Data ................... 76 2.4 Preliminary Recommendations of Potential IFM Activities with Greatest Potential for Reducing or Removing GHG Emissions. ............................................................................................................................ 77 3. The Chihuahua AATR Field Survey ............................................................................................................ 81 3.1 Introduction- Field Survey ......................................................................................................................