•Öã»ÖÖ‡Ô - פÃÖÓ²Ö¸ 2017 July - December 2017 AstroSat Picture of the Month WLM: Forming stars efficiently in grand isolation Sep 2017 NGC 2336: A classic spiral galaxy captured in fine detail by the UVIT Oct 2017 NGC 1851: Two star families in one Globular Cluster Nov 2017 NGC 40: A Planetary Nebulla with an Ultra-Violet Halo Dec 2017 The Indian Space Programme Space activities in the country were initiated with the setting up of Indian National Committee for Space Prime Minister Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962. In the same year, work on Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Space Commission (TERLS), near Thiruvananthapuram, was also started. PRL The Indian Space Programme was institutionalised in NARL Department of Space November 1969 with the formation of Indian Space NE-SAC SCL Research Organisation (ISRO). Government of India ANTRIX constituted the Space Commission and established the IIST Department of Space (DOS) in June 1972 and brought ISRO ISRO under DOS in September 1972. Department of Space has the primary responsibility of promoting development of space science, technology VSSC LPSC SDSC-SHAR ISACSAC NRSC and applications towards achieving self reliance and assisting in all-round development of the nation. Towards IPRC IISU DECU MCF ISTRAC LEOS IIRS this, DOS has evolved the following programmes: PRL: Physical Research Laboratory NARL: National Atmospheric Research • Indian National Satellite (INSAT) programme for Laboratory NE-SAC: North Eastern Space Applications Centre SCL: Semi- Conductor Laboratory IIST: Indian Institute of Space Science and telecommunications, TV broadcasting, meteorology, Technology ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation Antrix: Antrix developmental education, etc. Corporation Limited VSSC: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre LPSC: Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre SDSC: Satish Dhawan Space Centre ISAC: ISRO • Remote Sensing programme for the application of Satellite Centre SAC: Space Applications Centre NRSC: National Remote satellite imagery for various developmental purposes Sensing Centre IPRC: ISRO Propulsion Complex IISU: ISRO Inertial Systems Unit DECU: Development and Educational Communication Unit • Indigenous capability for design and development MCF: Master Control Facility ISTRAC: ISRO Telemetry,Tracking and of spacecraft and associated technologies for Command Network LEOS: Laboratory for Electro-optic Systems communications, resources survey and space IIRS: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing sciences • Design and development of launch vehicles with indigenous technology for access to space and orbiting INSAT, IRS spacecraft and space science missions • Research and development in space sciences and technologies as well as application programmes for national development The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian Space Programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, mainly, Indian Space Research Organisation, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). Antrix Corporation Limited, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets space products and services. Both the DOS and ISRO Headquarters are located at Bengaluru. The developmental activities are carried out at the Centres and Units spread over the country. So far, 101 Indian Satellite Missions (including nine satellites by students and two nanosatellites) have been conducted. Two Re-entry Missions – SRE-1 and CARE module and 64 Launch Vehicle Missions (including RLV-TD & Scramjet-TD) from Sriharikota have been conducted. Resourcesat-2A Completes One Year in Space India, with nearly 3.3 million sq.km. geographical area, namely, crop production estimation, forest cover is endowed with natural resources such as forests, mapping, mapping and monitoring land & water crop lands, water resources, minerals, wetlands, resources, environmental applications, rural & urban snow and glaciers, etc. The accurate information on development plans, geological applications, disaster the availability of natural resources and their optimal management support, etc. The typical advantage of management is vital for sustainable development and improved revisit as a consequence of Resourcesat-2 overall socio-economic growth of the country. & 2A constellation is extremely useful for monitoring vegetation and water resources. Resourcesat series of satellites, with a unique 3-tier imaging capability, have created their own ‘niche’ in The inputs for operational programmes, such as catering to a multitude of applications, specifically in the Crop Monitoring, Horticultural crops assessment area of land and water resources management. The and development, Periodic water spread maps, first satellite of Resourcesat series, Resourcesat-1, was Watershed Development projected care ensured launched in the year 2003 followed by Resourcesat-2 with improved temporal resolution. New initiatives, in the year 2011. such as, crop insurance, multi-crop inventory and near real time disaster management support, etc., are Resourcesat-2A was launched in December ably supported. 2016. It carries high-resolution LISS-4 sensor with 5.8 m spatial resolution and a five-day revisit capability; The growth of a typical annual crop (120 days) during medium resolution LISS-3 sensor with 23.5 m spatial kharif season can now be captured in 10 scenes resolution and a coarse resolution AWiFS sensor instead of 4 to 5 scenes, thus improving the chances of with 56 m spatial resolution. All three payloads, the getting cloud-free data as well as improving accuracy AWiFS, LISS-3 and LISS-4, are operated to acquire July – December 2017 Page 2 July – December 2017 Page of estimation of area and productivity models. This multi-resolution data over India and surroundings. helps in better selection of bio-window for vegetation Resourcesat-2A has been added to the fleet of studies. Improved revisit has helped in capturing the Resourcesat series of satellites in order to deliver high growing dynamics of vegetation as well as improves quality images to generate consistent data products. the probability of getting cloud free data. With Resourcesat-2 and Resourcesat-2A together in Monitoring of crop parameters and biomass require orbit, the revisit capability has improved to 2-3 days high temporal resolution satellite data to capture for AWiFS, 12-13 days for LISS-3 and 25-26 days for changes in crop growth. The models with temporal LISS-4. Combined revisits of Resourcesat-2 & 2A algorithms could be applied in different themes. along with other satellites are useful in many ways for This would help in better crop discrimination and various applications. monitoring of minor crops, as they are predominantly Resourcesat-2A data products, namely, radiometrically cultivated with overlapping crop calendar. The corrected system level products, Geo referenced phenology of forests can now be captured at better terrain corrected and Ortho-rectified products, were than fortnightly intervals. Using Resourcesat-2 & released for the user community from May 06, 2017 2A LISS-3 data provides opportunity in rapid forest onwards after all the mission tests and calibration/ monitoring and its management and conservation of validation. forest resources. This data shall also help in frequent monitoring of water bodies, especially with respect Resourcesat-2A provides continuity of data with to water spread. Alluvial rivers in India deposit sand higher temporal resolution (therefore more cloud- and suspended matter over time forcing rivers to free data) for various operational applications, change their course. Gandak River flows across the floodplain of Bihar and merges with Ganga River near The improved availability of Resourcesat-2 & 2A data Patna. Remote sensing data of IRS series of satellites is useful for disaster monitoring, especially for events since 1989 along with Landsat provided unique like flood mapping and monitoring at village level and observations on changing course of Gandak River damage assessment. near the confluence of Ganga during lean flow. The following Figure shows the changing course of river The specific advantage of having a constellation of Ganga and Gandak near Patna, India. Resourcesat-2 & 2A together provides the data at improved revisit capability, thus reducing the uncertainties in estimation of cotton crop or whatever the crop grown. National Land Use / Land Cover mapping using multi- temporal 55 m spatial resolution satellite data was initiated in the year 2004-05 and 13 annual cycles of assessments have been completed till 2016-17 The Yearly Change in The River Course of Ganga and Gandak using Resourcesat-2 & 2A satellite data. This gives as Availability of LISS-4 data in about 25 days is making unique ability to analyse decadal changes in land use many new applications possible, namely, improved and land cover and also to improve upon ground level orchard inventory etc. Peri-urban horticulture mapping practices for better natural resources management. is another important application as it provides important Thus, the Resourcesat-2 & 2A has added new input for price fluctuation/volatilisation issues. dimensions towards improved use of remote sensing With these data, now mapping of natural resources technology in the country. would see improvement in quality as more classes would emerge