BRAZIL, THE WORLD AND MAN TODAY VARIOUS STUDIES MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS Foreign Minister Ambassador Celso Amorim Secretary General Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Jeronimo Moscardo Instituto Rio Branco (IRBr) Director Ambassador Fernando Guimarães Reis The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of External Relations whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. Ministry of External Relations Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 190 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telephones: (61) 3411-6033/6034/6847 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 HELIO JAGUARIBE Brazil, the World and Man Today Various Studies Brasília, 2009 Copyright ©, Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Cover: Enrico Bianco - NUS 50 x 73cm - OSD - Ass. CID and Date. 1966 Editorial team: Eliane Miranda Paiva Maria Marta Cezar Lopes Cíntia Rejane Sousa Araújo Gonçalves Erika Silva Nascimento Juliana Corrêa de Freitas Julia Lima Thomaz de Godoy Translator: Dr. Graham Howells Graphics and diagrams: Juliana Orem and Maria Loureiro Impresso no Brasil 2009 Jaguaribe, Hélio. Brazil, the world and man today : various studies / Hélio Jaguaribe. Brasília : Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2009. 752p. Original title in portuguese: Brasil, Mundo e Homem na Atualidade ISBN: 978.85.7631.178-2 1. Politics - Brazil. 2. External police foreign - Brazil. I. Title. CDU 32(81) CDU 327(81) Publication rights reserved by the Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170-900 Brasília – D.F., Brazil Telephones: (61) 3411 6033/6034/6847/6028 Fax: (61) 3411 9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Deposited according to legal requirements in the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional in conformity with Law No. 10.994, dated 14/12/2004. Summary I. Preface Ambassador Celso Amorim, Minister for Foreign Affairs, 11 II. Introduction, 17 III. Socio-political Studies 1. The Major Conflicts of our Time and the Position of Brazil (1984), 21 2. The System of Power and Society (1987), 35 3. The Achievable Utopia (1990), 43 4. Democracy and Peripheral Countries (1991), 45 5. The Left as Project and as Machine (1995), 59 6. The Political System and Democratic Governability (1999), 63 7. Drugs, Crime and Narcoimperialism (2000), 83 8. Social Democracy and Governability (2000), 87 9. The 20th Century in the World and in Brazil (2002), 95 10. Fundamentalism, Unilateralism and the Historical Alternatives in the world (2003), 101 11. Decadence or Re-emergence (2006), 117 12. Democracy and Governance (2007), 121 13. Nation and Nationalism in the 21st Century (2007), 129 IV. Studies on International Relations 1. Autonomy and Hegemony in the American Imperial System (1987), 137 2. The Significance of Mercosul (1992), 173 3. The State in Latin America (1994), 185 4. “Pax Americana or Pax Universalis” (2000), 203 5. Portugal-Brazil: Present and Future (2000), 215 6. A Brief Reflection on the Current Situation and the Possibilities for Latinness in the Modern World (2001), 221 7. Globalization, a New World Order and a Planetary Civilization (2001), 227 8. Superpower and Legitimacy (2002), 235 9. The Argentina-Brazil Alliance (2004), 239 10. Brazil and the United States (2004), 249 11. Brazil-Argentina, the Vital Alliance (2006), 253 12. Ibero-America as a Historical-Cultural Process and a Political Project (2007), 261 V. Brazil 1. Eighty Years a Republic - 1901-1980 (1983), 271 2. The 1988 Constitution (1988), 307 3. The Republic a Hundred Years on (1989), 311 4. The Archaic Party System (1990), 329 5. The Suicide of President Vargas (1994), 333 6. Brazil and the World from a 21st-Century Perspective (2000), 337 7. Brazil, 500 Years on (2000), 359 8. Towards a New National Defense Policy (2000), 363 9. The Kubitschek Government (2001), 371 10. Brazil, the Years to Come (2002), 381 11. Prospects for Brazil in the International System (2002), 387 12. Towards a Brazilian National and Social Neo-developmentalism (2003), 405 13. National Defense - Challenges and Possible Responses from Brazil (2004), 415 14. ISEB and National Development (2004), 431 15. Vargas, the Permanent and the Tactical (2004), 441 16. The Loss of the Amazon (2007), 445 17. Brazil: What can be Done? (2007), 449 VI. Philosophy 1. The Problem of Ethics in Contemporary Mass - Technological Society (1988), 463 2. Environmental Rationality and its Institutional Prerequisites (1992), 473 3. Can we Create a New Humanism? (1999), 489 4. Time and History (2000), 493 5. Humanism in a mass technological Society (2002), 507 6. Transcendence, Man and the World (2002), 525 7. Brief Reflections on Christianity (2004), 535 8. Culture, Language and Excellence (2005), 551 9. A Brief Essay on Man (2006), 555 10. Christ, Allah and Agnosticism (2006), 573 11. The Sacred and the Rational (2006), 577 12. Reflections on the Two Truths (2006), 581 13. Transcendental Atheism (2007), 593 14. Universality and Western Reason (2007), 605 VII. Personalities 1. Merquior and Liberalism (1992), 617 2. A Brief Word About my Own Work (1988), 633 3. Candido Mendes - Personality and Thought (1998), 669 4. A Portrait of Afonso Arinos (2000), 677 5. Araújo Castro and Foreign Policy (2003), 681 6. San Tiago (2004), 685 7. Celso Furtado - Theory and Practice of Development (2005), 689 8. Statement by Helio Jaguaribe - Rômulo Almeida (2005), 701 9. Ortega y Gassett - Life and Work (2005), 705 10. Concerning ISEB (2006), 733 I. PREFACE Preface As a sociologist and teacher, Helio Jaguaribe has dedicated his best efforts to the worthy task of thinking about Brazil. How can its development be advanced? In what ways can our potential be turned into reality? What kind of country can we be? Some of his answers to these challenges are contained in this valuable collection, in which the author himself has brought together important items from his wide-ranging academic production. As well as being deeply rooted in a national point of view, Jaguaribe’s work looks far beyond Brazil. His reflections run with equal competence and confidence over the historical development of human societies, philosophy, politics, culture and the great socio-economic dilemmas of the modern world. The national and the universal find a perfect synthesis in Jaguaribe. With his critical, perceptive and judicious scrutiny that can predict the right path to take and follow it through the dust raised by the polemics of the day, Jaguaribe remains faithful to his convictions in defense of national autonomy and the influence of Brazil. As time passes, he expands, diversifies and improves his analyses with matchless intellectual honesty. His writings show on the one hand the continual development of his thinking and on the other the permanence of the humanist spirit he has always had. In a short presentation such as this it is not possible to do justice to the marvelous body of his work without running the risk of simplifying it. Thus, I would simply like to make a very short comment on foreign policy, a subject 11 HELIO JAGUARIBE that affects me directly through my profession as a diplomat and my present duties as Foreign Minister. Helio Jaguaribe has always been very interested in topics concerning international relations. As a young man, while head of the Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (Higher Institute for Brazilian Studies - ISEB), his book O Nacionalismo na Atualidade Brasileira (Nationalism in Modern Brazil) was published exactly 50 years ago, in 1958. His ideas had wide repercussions in the debate being carried on at that time concerning the opportunity for and suitability of an independent foreign policy for Brazil, which would begin to be explicitly put into practice from 1961 onward. In that pioneering work, after analyzing theoretical problems linked to nationalism as a historical-social phenomenon, and critically evaluating more concrete questions such as exploration for oil in Brazil or how foreign capital should be dealt with, Jaguaribe dedicated a chapter to studying foreign policy. He suggested abandoning traditional policies of alignment in favor of a more neutral position. His argument was simple: far from formulating its actions according to the East-West ideological division imposed by the rigid logic of the Cold War, Brazil should seek its own way in world politics without xenophobia, being directed primarily by its developmental needs. In his words: “The future is definitely one in which we must make the best use of opportunities for international exchange without dependent commitments and valuing the strategic position of a country like Brazil in order to give it greater possibilities for action”. If today, with the advantage of hindsight, his proposals are seen as extremely lucid, it is essential to point out how certain ideas meet inexplicable resistance in being accepted before they are proved right by facts. Thus, in his 2004 essay “The Argentina-Brazil Alliance”, Jaguaribe talks of the need to establish a “solid, stable and trustworthy alliance” between Brazil and Argentina to create a dynamic axis for Mercosul and subsequently for South American integration. An “integrated and properly developed” South America, Jaguaribe predicts, can make our region “one of the great independent international voices” in the world of the 21st century. It is not improbable 50 years hence, a reader in the future will have a similar reaction of déjà vu when meeting an idea that was accepted in spite of obstacles placed in its way - some unreal, others created - when their real scope was not perceived with the same clarity. 12 PREFACE As Emeritus Dean of the Institute for Political and Social Studies (Instituto de Estudos Políticos e Sociais), Jaguaribe continues to produce highly relevant work in the most diverse areas of social sciences.