Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Boyle, Martin (2019) Republic of China Independence (Huadu): A Realist-Constructivist Account of Taiwan's Maintenance of Its de facto Independence. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/75555/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Republic of China Independence (Huadu): A Realist-Constructivist Account of Taiwan’s Maintenance of Its De Facto Independence Martin Boyle Thesis submitted for the award of PhD in International Relations School of Politics and International Relations University of Kent February 2019 Approved as to style and content by Head of School: First supervisor: Second supervisor: Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ ix Note on Translation and Romanisation .............................................................xiii Glossary of Chinese Terms .................................................................................. xiv Table of Figures ..................................................................................................... xv Timeline ................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter 1: Constructing the cross-Strait Status Quo ......................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Puzzles and Research Questions ............................................................................. 4 1.3. Research Design .................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 10 1.3.2. Methodology .......................................................................................... 17 1.4. Findings, Originality and Expected Limitations ................................................... 22 1.4.1. Findings and Originality ........................................................................ 22 1.4.1. Expected limitations ............................................................................... 24 1.5. Locating Taiwan .................................................................................................... 25 1.5.1. Cross-Strait Relations: The State of the Field ........................................ 25 1.5.2. What and Where is Taiwan? ................................................................... 27 1.5.3. Who, When and Why is Taiwan? ........................................................... 28 1.5.4. Distinguishing huadu, taidu and tongyi ................................................. 31 1.5.5. What is the Status Quo? ......................................................................... 39 1.6. The Context ........................................................................................................... 40 1.6.1. The cross-Strait Context ......................................................................... 41 1.6.2. The Domestic Context ............................................................................ 46 1.7. Chapter Outline ..................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 2: Mapping the Literature on cross-Strait Relations ..................... 55 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 55 2.2. The KMT Authoritarian Period ............................................................................. 57 2.3. Taiwan Studies ....................................................................................................... 65 2.4. IR Scholarship on cross-Strait Relations ............................................................... 69 i 2.4.1. Neorealist IR Literature.......................................................................... 70 2.4.2. (Neo)liberal IR Literature ...................................................................... 75 2.4.3. Constructivist IR Literature.................................................................... 82 2.4.4. Neoclassical Realist and Domestic Realist IR Literature ...................... 84 2.5. Discourse Analysis and cross-Strait Relations ...................................................... 89 2.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 93 Chapter 3: Power – Theoretical Framework ................................................. 96 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 96 3.2. Synthesising Theories ............................................................................................ 97 3.2.1. Conceptualisations ................................................................................. 97 3.2.2. Principles, Axioms and Core Concepts ................................................ 100 3.2.3. Power in the Realist Tradition .............................................................. 104 3.2.4. Conceptualising Discursive Power ...................................................... 108 3.2.5. Giving Wendt Some Power .................................................................. 114 3.2.6. Realist – Constructivist Power ............................................................. 117 3.2.7 Power as Legitimacy ............................................................................. 124 3.3. From Power Politics to Foreign Policy ............................................................... 127 3.4. A Two-Level, Three-Stage Framework ............................................................... 129 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 4: State Identity – Theoretical Framework ................................... 135 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 135 4.2. Literature on Taiwan’s National Identity ............................................................ 136 4.3. Sub-State Social Identities ................................................................................... 144 4.3.1. Ethnic Identity ...................................................................................... 145 4.3.2. National and State Identities ................................................................ 146 4.3.3. Taiwan’s Modernist National Identity.................................................. 148 4.4. States and State Identity ...................................................................................... 154 4.4.1. A Constructed huadu State Identity ..................................................... 157 4.4.2. A Realist-Constructivist huadu State Identity Framework................... 158 4.5. Huadu as Legitimacy ........................................................................................... 162 4.5.1. A Crisis of Legitimacy ......................................................................... 164 4.6. A Realist-Constructivist Model of State Identity, Security and cross Strait Policy ............................................. 166 ii 4.6.1. Huadu and Anarchical Norms .............................................................. 168 4.6.2. Huadu in Power (State Identity) Politics ............................................. 170 4.6.3. Ontological Security ............................................................................ 172 4.7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 174 Chapter 5: Discourse Analysis ....................................................................... 177 5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 177 5.2. Discourse: A Philosophical and Methodological Framework ............................. 180 5.2.1. IR Discourse Analysis .......................................................................... 184 5.2.2. Text, Context, Co-text, Discourse and Discourse Analysis.................. 187 5.2.3. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) .....................................................