Food loss analysis for TOMATO value chains in Egypt Food loss analysis for TOMATO value chains in Egypt Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Cairo, 2021 Required citation: FAO. 2021. Food loss analysis for tomato value chains in Egypt. 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Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, gures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permis- sion from the copyright holder. e risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@- fao.org. Cover photographs: ©FAO Contents Executive summary ix 1. Introduction and framework 1 2. e tomato subsector 1 2.1. Background 1 2.2. Global trends 7 2.3. Status and importance of the somato subsector in Egypt 10 2.4. Markets for Egyptian tomatoes 10 2.4.1. Domestic market 12 2.4.2. Export markets 14 3. e tomato supply chain in Nubaria and Sharqia 14 3.1. Case study rationale 15 3.2. Survey methodology 17 3.3. Tomato value chain map and stakeholders 24 3.4. Production Costs 25 3.5. Gender and social structures in the tomato supply chain 28 3.6. SWOT analysis 29 4. Food loss assessment: approach and methodology 29 4.1. Literature review of tomato losses estimations 30 4.2. Critical loss points 31 4.3. Sampling 32 5. Food loss assessment: study ndings and results 33 5.1. Assessment ndings 33 5.1.1. Farm level assessment 33 5.1.1.1. Farm level sampling assessment 35 5.1.1.2. Farm level survey assessment 37 5.1.2. Wholesale market level assessmen 37 5.1.2.1. Wholesale market level sampling assessment 39 5.1.2.2. Wholesale market level survey assessment 41 5.1.3. Retail market level assessment 41 5.1.3.1. Retail market level sampling assessment iii 5.1.3.2. Retail market level survey assessment 44 5.2. Summary of food loss assessment ndings 44 6. Conclusions and recommendations 45 6.1. e main constraints facing reduction of food loss in the tomato subsector 46 6.2. Addressing the constraints through a series of recommendations 47 Bibliography 50 Annex 1 – Development of tomato production in Egypt during the period 2001 to 2015 51 Annex 2 - Tomato varieties, seasons and productivity 51 Annex 3 – List of main processors of tomato paste in Egypt 53 Annex 4 –Methodology and results of sampling conducted in 2016 53 Annex 5 – Quantitative and qualitative loss symptoms 57 Annex 6 – Main technical recommendations to address causes of tomato loss, summarized by 58 critical point level iv Figures Figure 1: Global tomato production area and quantity, 2007 to 2016 2 Figure 2: Top ten producers of tomatoes in 2016 2 Figure 3: Top ten countries with highest value of tomato imports and exports, 2016 3 Figure 4: Global exports of tomato products, 2006 to 2016* 5 Figure 5a: Main worldwide exporters of tomato paste, 2016 6 Figure 5b: Main worldwide importers of tomato paste, 2016 6 Figure 6: Relative importance of tomato producing regions in Egypt in 2014 to 2015 8 Figure 7: Top ten Egyptian tomato export markets by trade volume (%), 2016 13 Figure 8: Tomato value chain map in Nubaria and Sharqia 22 Figure 9: Wholesale markets suppliers and traders 23 Figure 10: Description of the tomato value chain – social structures 25 Figure 11: Tomato distribution from farm to wholesale and retail markets & transfer time 32 Figure 12: Share of losses by type in tomato sampled at farm-level in 2017 33 Figure 13: Quantity and quality loss symptoms of tomato at farm-level in 2017 34 Figure 14: Share of losses by type in tomato sampled at wholesale market-level in 2017 38 Figure 15: Quantity and quality loss symptoms of tomato at wholesale-level in 2017 38 Figure 16: Relation between tomato losses in wholesale markets and delay in selling 39 Figure 17: Share of losses by type in tomato sampled at retail market-level in 2017 41 Figure 18: Quantity and quality loss symptoms of tomato at retail market-level in 2017 42 Figure 19: Total loss defects observed through sampling at all CLPs, 2017 45 v Tables Table 1: Main importers of fresh tomatoes from NENA countries, 2016 4 Table 2: Total area and production volume of tomato in Egypt in 2014 to 2015, by season 8 Table 3: Tomatoes and tomato products exports and imports 2012 to 2016 (000 tonnes) 13 Table 4: Land tenure among farmers surveyed in Nubaria and Sharqia 16 Table 5: Cost analysis for tomato production in Nubaria in 2017 (EGP/per feddan*) 24 Table 6: Cost analysis for tomato production in Sharqia in 2017 (EGP/per feddan*) 24 Table 7: Preliminary screening results of fresh tomato losses from Nubaria and Sharqia 30 Table 8: Farm-level quantitative and qualitative tomato losses in Sharqia and Nubaria in 2017 33 Table 9: Farm-level tomato losses in Sharqia and Nubaria in 2016 based on survey 35 Table 10: Production and marketing problems identied by farmers in Nubaria District 35 Table 11: Production and marketing solutions suggested by farmers in Nubaria to reduce food loss 36 Table 12: Production and marketing problems identied by farmers in Sharqia governorate 36 Table 13: Production and marketing solutions suggested by farmers in Sharqia governorate 37 Table 14: Wholesale market-level quantitative and qualitative tomato losses in 2017 37 Table 15: Marketing problems leading to losses at wholesale markets 40 Table 16: Proposed solutions for marketing problems at the wholesale markets 40 Table 17: Retail market-level quantitative and qualitative tomato losses in 2017 41 Table 18: Fruit color degree at farm, wholesale, and retail markets in Nubaria and Sharqia 43 Table 19: Fruit temperature at farm, wholesale, and retail markets in West Nubaria and Sharqia 43 Table 20: Comparison between incidence of loss (survey and sampling based) at three critical points of the tomato value chain in Nubaria and Sharqia 40 Table 21: Categories of tomato value chain constraints 46 Table 22: Planting and harvesting seasons in Nubaria district 51 Table 23: Main varieties of tomato in Sharqia governorate 52 Table 24: Planting and harvesting seasons in Sharqia governorate 52 Table 25: Quantity losses (%) for tomato in Sharqia governorate and Nubaria district (2016) 54 Table 26: Quality losses (%) for tomato in Sharqia governorate and Nubaria district (2016) 56 vi Acknowledgements e report “Food Loss Analysis for Grapes Value Chains in Egypt” was prepared for the FAO Representation in Egypt under the project “Food Loss and Waste Reduction and Value Chain Development for Food Security in Egypt and Tunisia” generously funded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. e study was undertaken jointly by teams from the Agricultural Economic Research Institute (AERI) and Horticulture Research Institute (HRI), Agriculture Research Centre in Egypt (ARC) in summer 2016, with a second round of food loss data collected in 2017.