Strategic Study Nighthawks & Nighthawking: Damage to Archaeological Sites in the UK & Crown Dependencies caused by Illegal Searching & Removal of Antiquities Strategic Study Final Report o a April 2009 Client: English Heritage Issue No: 3 OA Job No: 3336 Report NIGHTHAWKS AND NIGHTHAWKING: DAMAGE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND CROWN DEPENDENCIES CAUSED BY THE ILLEGAL SEARCH FOR AND REMOVAL OF ANTIQUITIES Final Report 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 THE NIGHTHAWKING SURVEY .....................................................................................................................1 1.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE..................................................................................................................2 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY............................................................................................3 2.1 AIMS .........................................................................................................................................................3 2.2 OBJECTIVES ..............................................................................................................................................3 3 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................4 3.1 LEGISLATION..............................................................................................................................................4 3.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF METAL DETECTING........................................................................................................10 3.3 1995 CBA SURVEY..................................................................................................................................15 3.4 NIGHTHAWKING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT...................................................................................................17 4 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................18 4.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................18 4.2 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................21 4.3 QUESTIONNAIRE ......................................................................................................................................21 4.4 VERIFICATION OF DATA RECEIVED .............................................................................................................22 4.5 DATABASE ...............................................................................................................................................24 4.6 LAUNCH AND INITIAL PUBLICITY .................................................................................................................24 4.7 FURTHER PUBLICITY .................................................................................................................................24 4.8 TARGETING OF INDIVIDUALS/ORGANISATIONS.............................................................................................25 4.9 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.........................................................................................................................28 4.10 MONITORING........................................................................................................................................29 4.11 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND HERITAGE CRIME ...............................................................................................29 5 AMENDMENTS TO THE METHODOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE DATA FOR VALIDATION ...............30 5.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................30 5.2 PRESS REPORTS ......................................................................................................................................30 5.3 COSMIC ................................................................................................................................................31 5.4 SCHEDULED MONUMENTS AT RISK (SM@R).............................................................................................32 5.5 OA/WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY SURVEY .......................................................................................................33 5.6 FARMWATCH GROUPS ..............................................................................................................................33 5.7 NFU HERITAGE LINK.................................................................................................................................34 5.8 CONTACT WITH LANDOWNERS...................................................................................................................35 6 RESULTS AND STATISTICS .................................................................................................................36 6.1 DATA COLLECTION ...................................................................................................................................36 6.2 DATA STATISTICS .....................................................................................................................................36 6.3 CASE STUDIES .........................................................................................................................................57 7 COMPARISON WITH OTHER SURVEYS ..............................................................................................70 7.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................70 7.2 EH FUNDED CBA SURVEY 1995 ...............................................................................................................70 7.3 OA/WA SURVEY ......................................................................................................................................74 7.4 NUMBERS OF EXCAVATIONS......................................................................................................................75 7.5 NUMBERS OF SCHEDULED MONUMENTS IN ENGLAND.................................................................................76 7.6 COMPARISON WITH BURTONWOOD SURVEY 1996 ......................................................................................78 7.7 COMPARISON WITH MARS .......................................................................................................................79 7.8 COMPARISON WITH COSMIC ...................................................................................................................80 7.9 LITERATURE SEARCH................................................................................................................................81 7.10 SM@R ...............................................................................................................................................81 8 PAS MONITORING OF EBAY (PREPARED FOR OA BY THE PAS) .....................................................82 8.1 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................82 8.2 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................82 8.3 THE DEPARTMENT OF PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES & TREASURE ......................................................................83 8.4 BENEFITS OF AN AGREED MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ...................................................................83 8.5 THE EXTENT OF THE TRADE IN UK ANTIQUITIES ON EBAY............................................................................83 8.6 RESULTS OF MONITORING EBAY: OCTOBER 2006 TO END MAY 2008..........................................................84 8.7 EXAMPLES OF RESPONSES: ......................................................................................................................87 8.8 EXPORT LICENCES (OA) ..........................................................................................................................88 9 DISCUSSION/ISSUES ...........................................................................................................................89 9.1 STATISTICS AND TRENDS ..........................................................................................................................89 9.2 REASONS FOR TRENDS.............................................................................................................................91 9.3 HOW NIGHTHAWKS OPERATE....................................................................................................................92 9.4 RELATIONSHIPS AND PERCEPTIONS ..........................................................................................................93 9.5 ACCESS ISSUES .......................................................................................................................................94 9.6 ARTEFACT EROSION .................................................................................................................................95
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