Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks by Kimberly Diane Thomas-Vilakati University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRES S, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN LINGUISTICS Editorial Board: Judith Aissen, Andrew Garrett, Larry M. Hyman, Marianne Mithun, Pamela Munro, Maria Polinsky Volume 144 Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks by Kimberly Diane Thomas-Vilakati © 2010 by The Regents of the University of California All rights reserved. Published 2010 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN 978-0-520-09876-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922226 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). Dedication This study is dedicated to the following individuals: To my loving father, who sacrificed his life to work hard in order to educate me and who, through his loyalty and devotion, made this all possible. To my loving mother, who gave selflessly to seven children and many grandchildren, whose confidence in me never waivered and who gave me the fortitude to compete in the international arena. To my loving grandmother, Amelia, who instilled a wonderful love of language in me through her poetry, and whose protection and love I carry with me and still feel to this day. To my loving husband, who has been my chief counselor and guide for the last nine years of my life, and whose emotional support of me in this task was truly divine And especially the following: To Mateu, my loving son, who has brought so much joy into my life, and whose unconditional love gives me the strength to be a better person and to pursue and succeed in such a difficult endeavor, and from whom I gained the desire and motivation to continue to better myself for the sole purpose of setting for him a good example. To Simanga, my daughter, who is such a breathe of fresh air in my life. May your light continue to shine. Let it shine. To all those children of mine who call me mother but have never been nurtured by me on a day-to-day basis, this too is for you. It is through the dedication of this book to my children that I wish to bless them, such that they may always strive to be the best that they can be. Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORAL INGRESSIVES ............................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: COARTICULATION .......................................................1 1.2 CLICKS AND COARTICULATION.....................................................................................3 1.3 ABOUT ISIZULU ................................................................................................................6 1.4 BASIC CLICK PRODUCTION ............................................................................................9 1.5 DYNAMIC ARTICULATORY STUDIES ..........................................................................10 1.6 STATIC PALATOGRAPHY AND LINGUOGRAPHY.......................................................11 1.7 ORDER OF THE CLOSURES, ORDER OF THE RELEASES............................................12 1.8 RAREFACTION MECHANISM.........................................................................................12 1.9 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY............................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2: STATIC PALATOGRAPHY AND LINGUOGRAPHY...........................15 2.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................15 2.1 METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................16 2.1.1 Speakers ....................................................................................................................16 2.1.2 Corpus .......................................................................................................................16 2.1.3 Data Collection Procedure ......................................................................................17 2.2 LINGUOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS.........................................................................................18 2.2.1 Classification of Linguograms.................................................................................18 2.2.2 Linguographic Results..............................................................................................24 2.3 STATIC PALATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ..........................................................................28 2.3.1 Defining reference lines ...........................................................................................28 2.3.2 Conversion factors....................................................................................................32 2.4 MEASUREMENTS.............................................................................................................33 2.4.1 Tongue blade measurements....................................................................................33 2.4.2 Tongue dorsum measurements.................................................................................36 2.4.3 Cavity measurements................................................................................................37 2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS................................................................................................39 2.6 PALATOGRAPHIC RESULTS...........................................................................................40 2.6.1 Position and Width of Front Contact ......................................................................43 2.6.2 Tongue Dorsum Results ...........................................................................................47 2.6.3 Cavity Dimensions....................................................................................................50 2.6.4 Cavity Width Asymmetry ..........................................................................................59 2.7 SUMMARY OF THE PALATOGRAPHIC RESULTS ........................................................62 2.8 DISCUSSION .....................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 3: ELECTROPALATOGRAPHY .....................................................................65 3.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................65 3.1 METHODS OF DATA REDUCTION IN EPG ..................................................................65 3.1.1 Qualitative data reduction methods ........................................................................66 3.1.2 Quantitative data reduction methods ......................................................................66 3.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DYNAMIC PALATOGRAPHY ..............68 3.3 PROCEDURE .....................................................................................................................68 3.3.1 Equipment .................................................................................................................68 vii viii Contents 3.3.2 Recording Set-up ......................................................................................................72 3.3.3 Experimental Design ................................................................................................73 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................74 3.4.1 Region Definition......................................................................................................74 3.4.2 Quantitative Measurements .....................................................................................76 3.5 RESULTS..........................................................................................................................86 3.5.1 Qualitative Characterization of the Click Types .....................................................86 3.5.2 Quantitative Characterization of the Click Types..................................................93 3.5.3 Characterizing the Anterior Articulation..............................................................112 CHAPTER 4.0 CONSONANT COMPARISONS ..............................................................125 4.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................125 4.1.1 Corpus and Data collection...................................................................................125 4.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure .......................................................................................126 4.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................127 4.2.1 Plosives.....................................................................................................................127