P a g e | 1 Name________________ Mr. Foor Oceanography Packet #3 Please complete. The following pages are notes: Pages 2-3, 9-10 Let me know if you have any questions. P a g e | 2 P a g e | 3 P a g e | 4 Assignment 1: Directions: Use the internet and reliable sources to find the following information about sharks. The last blanks are for a different shark of your choice. You only need to find information for four of the sharks not including the one you choose at the end. Choose 4, then add a different one at the end. Common Name Scientific Prey Length Reproduction Interesting Facts Name Blacktip Reef Shark Carcharhinus melanopterus Scalloped Hammerhead Spotted eagle Ray Tiger Shark Basking Shark Cookie Cutter Shark Great White Shark P a g e | 5 Assignment 2: Read the article, then answer the questions that follow. Shark Facts Is a shark a mammal, a reptile, or a fish? These are common misunderstandings about sharks. No, a shark is not a mammal like whales, nor is it a reptile like alligators. A shark is actually a fish! How many bones does a shark’s skeleton have? That’s a trick question – the answer is none! Sharks are cartilaginous fish, meaning that their skeletons are made entirely of cartilage (the same material that is found in human nose and ears). What is the biggest shark? Perfectly named, a Whale Shark can grow to be as large as a school bus (40 feet)! A great White Shark can only reach about 14 feet fully grown. It’s easy to see that there is no comparison to the Whale Shark when it comes to length. Not all sharks are large, bulky and torpedo-shaped like the ones we see in movies. There are actually more than 400 different species of sharks and they come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from the tiny 8- inch-long deepwater dogfish to the massive 40-foot-long whale shark. And not all sharks have a mouth full of large pointed teeth for tearing flesh. The basking shark has tiny teeth that it doesn’t even use for feeding, and the horn shark also has molar-like teeth that it uses to crush hard-shelled prey. What is the smallest shark? At only 15 cm long (6″), the tiniest species is the dwarf lantern shark. It could fit into the palm of your hand. What shark is most common? The oceanic whitetip is the most common: this large shark is numerous in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When you’re talking about smaller sharks, the spiny dogfish is the most common. It inhabits the North Atlantic in the millions. Sharks play a very important role in marine communities and help maintain the delicate balance of life. Many species sit at the top of the food chain, keeping other marine animal populations in check. Some sharks feed on sick and weak fish, which helps prey populations to stay healthy—many of which are also commercially important fish species. How fast can the fastest shark swim? The Shortfin Mako Shark is the fastest species of shark to date and can swim up to 65mph! I’m sure I don’t need to point out that any shark will out swim you, but knowing there’s at least one that can reach a speed limit for cars is very impressive! Can sharks smell? Yes, amazingly well. Their sense of smell is so powerful that sharks can detect a blood drop in an Olympic- sized pool. How many teeth are in a shark’s mouth? That depends on the species. Some sharks have only a few dozen teeth, while some can have thousands! The whale shark might win the prize, with up to 3,000 teeth, although they are relatively tiny. Did you know that sharks are constantly shedding their teeth? P a g e | 6 Which shark has the biggest teeth? The prehistoric Megalodon was the largest shark to have ever lived, and its teeth could grow up to seven inches long. Relative to body size, the Cookie Cutter Shark has the largest teeth. This species is rather small, but it uses the large teeth in its round mouth to take cookie-sized bites from the flesh of larger marine creatures, like dolphins. How much do sharks eat in a day? Some sharks seem to eat all the time. For example, the Great White Shark is always on the hunt: in a year alone it eats 11 tons of food! (An average person eats about a half ton of food per year). The Blue Shark is a glutton: it will eat until it regurgitates, and then go right back to eating. Most sharks eat a meal every couple of days. If necessary, though, they can go for a few weeks without eating. Like people and most other animals, sharks can store extra energy as fat, for use later when food is limited. What are a shark’s main predators? We humans are hands-down the biggest danger to sharks. People are responsible for killing millions of sharks each year. Other animals that have been known to eat sharks include killer whales, crocodiles, seals, and even larger sharks. Humans are not food for sharks. The sharks involved in incidents with humans are often hunting for similar-sized prey to humans, such as seals or dolphins. The majority of shark species actually eat fish or invertebrates, such as squid or clams. There’s a diversity of feeding behaviors: large filter feeders, such as the whale shark, strain plankton through modified gills, while bottom-dwelling suction feeders, such as the nurse shark, appear to “inhale” food into their mouths. Shark attacks are extremely rare; you are more likely to be struck by lightning than attacked by a shark. There were only three shark-related human deaths in 2014 compared to around 100 million sharks killed annually by people. Sharks are in all the world’s oceans, and even though more people are in oceans than ever before, the incident rate has not increased. Shark populations around the world are in rapid decline and are impacted by illegal, unregulated and unrestricted fishing. Sharks grow relatively slowly, take many years to mature and produce relatively few young. They also suffer from the large and growing demand for shark fins and the general lack of management of shark fishing. Populations simply cannot replenish at the same rate as they are caught to meet market demand. Sharks are also often caught as bycatch in longlines, trawl nets and seine nets, and simply discarded. Will sharks drown if they stop swimming? Yes, some sharks need to swim continuously to stay alive. Sharks obtain oxygen for breathing from the water that flows over their gills. If they stop swimming, no more water flow means no more oxygen, so breathing stops. However, sharks have adaptations for breathing even while they are still on the sea floor. For example, most species have spiracles behind their eyes that aid with breathing. P a g e | 7 Assignment 2 Questions: Write a few sentences stating the truth for each myth. SHARK MYTH #1: SHARKS ARE ALL MAN-EATERS SHARK MYTH #2: ALL SHARKS ARE BIG WITH LOTS OF SHARP TEETH SHARK MYTH #3: SHARKS ARE NOT IMPORTANT SHARK MYTH #4: NOTHING CAN HURT SHARKS SHARK MYTH #5: SHARKS ATTACK PEOPLE OFTEN SHARKS MYTH #6: ALL SHARKS MUST KEEP MOVING OR THEY WILL DROWN P a g e | 8 Assignment 3: Watch this documentary on Youtube, titled “Sharks, jaws, Great white. The Big Five 2018 HD Documentary”. Then answer the following questions. Link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiDyaebx3FQ The Big Five Documentary 1. What’s the biggest fish in the ocean? 2. What do sharks get from consuming seal fat? 3. What happens off the horn of Africa? 4. What does the hammer of the hammerhead help it do? 5. What sharks are known as the trashcans of the Sea? 6. What type of shark did Eric get in the water with? P a g e | 9 Notes P a g e | 10 P a g e | 11 Assignment 4: Fish Quiz #1 Matching – both A and B will be used more than once. 1. Sting Rays____ 2. Hagfish_____ 3. Large Oily Liver for Buoyancy_____ A. Chondrichthyes 4. No Jaws_____ B. Agnatha 5. Placiod Scales_____ 6. No paired fins_____ Multiple Choice 7. The process by which an organism maintains a constant internal level of water and salt concentrations. a. Osmoregulation c. Diffusion b. Ectothermism d. Neutral Buoyancy 8. Which of the following organisms would be considered viviparous? a. Chicken b. Sea Snake c. Squid d. Human 9. The slime coat of an Agnatha serves what purpose? a. To make it unappealing to predators b. To enable the fish to squeeze between rocks quickly c. To assist in feeding d. To make the fish more hydrodynamic 10. Which of the following is NOT true for the Agnatha? a. If a skeleton is present it is made of cartilage b. They have gill slits c. They lack scales d. They have an operculum 11. Spiracles serve which function? a. To aid in digestion c. to aid in swimming b. To aid in reproduction d. to aid in respiration (breathing) P a g e | 12 12. As a group, sharks have very apparent sexual dimorphism. This is shown by the body structure indicated in the picture to the right. What is the name for this structure? a. Ampulla c.