Appendix Stand Up for Justice 30 Copyright © 2007 Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress Appendix l APPENDIX Glossary................................................................................................................... 33 Chronology of Japanese in America.................................................................... 37 Executive Order 9066............................................................................................. 43 Exclusion Order...................................................................................................... 44 Map of America’s Concentration Camps........................................................... 45 Concentration Camp Statistics............................................................................. 46 Bill of Rights............................................................................................................ 50 Summary of Constitutional Rights Violated...................................................... 51 Writ of Error Coram Nobis...................................................................................... 55 The Supreme Court Ruling................................................................................... 56 Resistance to Injustice............................................................................................ 57 Presidential Apology..............................................................................................58 “A Teenager’s Courage Remembered”............................................................... 59 Ralph Lazo at Manzanar....................................................................................... 60 In Memoriam Ralph Lazo..................................................................................... 61 Manzanar High School Yearbook Article on Ralph Lazo................................. 62 Ralph Lazo’s Story: A Matter of Principle.......................................................... 63 Manzanar Free Press Article....................................................................................65 Bibliography............................................................................................................ 66 Internet Sites........................................................................................................... 67 Contact and Ordering Information..................................................................... 68 Acknowledgments................................................................................................. 69 Copyright © 2007 Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress Stand Up for Justice 31 Appendix Stand Up for Justice 32 Copyright © 2007 Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress Appendix Glossary GLOSSARY alien land laws—laws enacted by various Western their convictions during World War II. states (including California) that prevented From the Latin, meaning “error before us,” Asian immigrants from purchasing agri­ the procedure can be used only after a cul tural land. Although the law was aimed defendant has been convicted and released at the Issei, the term “aliens ineligible for from custody; it raises errors of fact that were citizenship” was used instead. Issei thus intentionally withheld by the prosecution owned land in the name of one of their from the judge and the defense. American­born children or asked trusted friends for help. Day of Remembrance (DOR)—a program in Japanese American communities to com­ assembly center—term used by the U.S. government memorate the February 19, 1942, signing for the 16 temporary detention camps used of Executive Order 9066 by President to incarcerate Japanese Americans after Franklin D. Rooshevelt. The first Day of President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Remembrance was held in 1978 in Seattle, Executive Order 9066. The Japanese were Wash. In 2003 U.S. Representative Mike held in these centers under armed guard Honda, D­Calif., introduced a resolution to while permanent concentration camps were establish a national Day of Remembrance being built. The horse stables at the Santa to increase public awareness of the events Anita, Calif., racetrack; the fairgrounds at surrounding the restriction, exclusion, and Salinas, Calif.; and the stockyard at Portland, incarceration of individuals and families Ore., were examples of “assembly” centers. during World War II. Civil Liberties Act of 1988—enacted on August 10, enemy alien—term used by the U.S. government 1988, to redress the wrongs committed initially during World War II to describe by the U.S. government toward Japanese citizens of Axis nations living in the United Americans during World War II. It called States but later included American citizens for a formal apology by the president and of Japanese ancestry, particularly Nisei $20,000 in compensation for each survivor soldiers classified IV-C (enemy aliens) by of the camps. the armed forces. concentration camp—“a guarded compound for euphemism—the substitution of a milder, vaguer, the confinement of political prisoners, or more pleasant word or expression for one minorities, etc.…” (Random House Webster’s considered to be offensive or unpleasant. College Dictionary, 1996). “A camp where prisoners of war, enemy aliens, or political evacuation—refers to moving people in order to prisoners are confined.” (American Heri tage rescue and protect them from danger. The Dictionary, 1983). In 1942, after spending U.S. government used evacuation as a euphe­ an average of 100 days in tem porary deten­ mism to refer to the forced removal of the tion centers, Japanese Americans were Japanese Americans during World War II. transported under armed guard to ten con­ centration camps in desolate areas of the Executive Order 9066 (EO 9066)—an order issued by United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, which gave authority to the secre­ CWRIC—Commission on Wartime Relocation and tary of war and military commanders to Internment of Civilians. It was created in establish military areas from which “any 1980 to review the impact of Executive or all persons may be excluded.” Although Order 9066 and its effect upon American the order did not directly mention Japanese citizens and permanent resident aliens, and Americans, it was the outcome what to do to recommend appropriate remedies. with Japanese Americans during the first months after war was declared on Japan. coram nobis, writ of—legal procedure used by It was clearly directed toward Japanese the attorneys for Fred Korematsu, Gordon Americans. Hirabayashi, and Minoru Yasui to overturn Copyright © 2007 Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress Stand Up for Justice 33 Glossary Appendix GLOSSARY Executive Order 9102—an order issued by President kibei (kee-bay)—American­born Japanese (Nisei) Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 18, 1942, who were sent by their parents to Japan which led to the establishment of the War during their formative years. Relocation Authority. loyalty oath—In February 1943 the Army dis­ 442nd Regimental Combat Team—all­volunteer tri buted a questionnaire to all camp Army team formed in 1943 by Nisei from inmates over the age of 17. Questions Hawaii and the mainland. The men were 27 and 28 created deep divisions among trained at Camp Shelby, Miss., and sent to the incarcerated. Question 27 asked the fight in Italy, where they were joined with the inmates whether they would be willing to 100th Battalion and became the 100th/442nd serve in the U.S. armed forces. Question 28 Regimental Combat Team; the 100th/442nd (the loyalty oath) asked: “Will you swear RCT fought in France, Italy, and Germany, unqualified allegiance to the United States suffered 9,486 casualties, and was the most of America and faithfully defend the United highly decorated combat unit in American States from … attack … and forswear any history for its size and length of service. form of allegiance or obedience to the Japa nese emperor or any other foreign FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)—the investi­ government…” The inmates were thus gative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. asked to declare their unqualified loyalty Its stated mission is “to protect and defend to a country that had incarcerated them the United States against terrorist and in concentration camps. The Issei, who foreign intelligence threats and to enforce were prohibited by law from becoming the criminal laws of the United States.” U.S. citizens, were particularly concerned, because they would become persons gaman (gah-mahn—Japanese word meaning “to with out a country if they renounced their endure.” Japanese citizenship. gohan (go-hahn)—Japanese word meaning “rice.” Manzanar cemetery monument—a stone marker dedicated at the Manzanar “War Relocation grassroots—originating among or carried on by Center” cemetery on August 14, 1943. The the common people; as a grassroots political inscrip tion on its front (ireitoh in Japanese), movement of ordinary people working to translated to English, means “consoled achieve a common goal. spirits monument.” The rear inscriptions read “August 1943” on the right and internment camp—camp administered by the “erected by the Manzanar Japanese” on the Immigration and Naturalization Service left. Fifteen of the 143 people who died at of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and/or Manzanar were buried in the cemetery. the Army. These camps initially detained approximately 4,000 “enemy aliens,” of Manzanar Pilgrimage—annual pilgrimage spon­ which over half were Japanese. Later, many sored by the Manzanar Committee to edu­ families were reunited either