Supervisors: Author: Alf Rehn Dylan Cawthorne Marianne Harbo Frederiksen Douglas Cairns Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 13 Acronyms 14 1 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH 16 2 RESUMEP´ A˚ DANSK 17 3 DEDICATION 18 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19 5 INTRODUCTION 20 5.1 Drones . 20 5.2 Value Sensitive Design . 22 5.3 Research gap . 22 5.4 Reading guide . 24 5.4.1 Overview of Case Studies . 24 5.4.2 Overview of Papers . 25 5.5 Context . 28 5.6 Scope . 28 5.6.1 Within scope . 28 5.6.2 Outside of scope . 29 5.7 Audience . 30 6 METHODOLOGY 31 6.1 Philosophical world view - pragmatism . 31 6.2 Research approach - mixed methods . 32 6.3 Research design - abduction . 32 6.4 Research strategy - experimental and non-experimental . 33 6.5 Research methods - various . 33 7 CASE STUDY I - THE HUMANITARIAN CARGO DRONE IN PERU 35 1 8 PAPER 1 - Value Sensitive Design of a Humanitarian Cargo Drone 36 8.1 Introduction . 36 8.1.1 Background . 37 8.1.2 Embodied values . 37 8.1.3 Technology in a social context . 37 8.1.4 Non-epistemic values . 38 8.1.5 Prior Art . 38 8.2 Value Sensitive Design Methdology . 38 8.2.1 The three phases of VSD . 38 8.2.2 Conceptual phase . 38 8.2.3 Empirical phase . 39 8.2.4 Technological phase . 39 8.2.5 Interactions . 41 8.2.6 Iteration . 41 8.2.7 Basis of analysis . 41 8.2.8 Applications . 41 8.3 Retrospective Analysis . 42 8.3.1 Introduction . 42 8.3.2 Conceptual phase . 42 8.3.3 Empirical phase . 44 8.3.4 Technological phase . 45 8.4 Prospective Analysis . 48 8.5 Discussion . 51 8.5.1 Benefits and drawbacks of Value Sensitive Design . 51 8.5.2 Limitations of the case-study . 51 8.6 Conclusion . 52 8.6.1 Future work . 52 9 CASE STUDY II - THE HEALTHCARE CARGO DRONE IN DENMARK 53 10 PAPER 2 - An Ethical Framework for the Design, Development, Implemen- tation, and Assessment of Drones Used in Public Healthcare 54 10.1 Introduction . 54 10.2 Value Sensitive Design and Values Hierarchy . 57 2 10.3 Translating Ethical Principles into Values . 60 10.3.1 Beneficence . 60 10.3.2 Non-maleficence . 61 10.3.3 Autonomy . 65 10.3.4 Justice . 68 10.3.5 Explicability . 69 10.4 From Values to Norms and Design Requirements . 70 10.5 Strengths and Limitations of the Framework . 71 10.6 Conclusion and Future Work . 72 11 PAPER 3 - From HealthDrone to FrugalDrone: Value Sensitive Design of a Blood Sample Transportation Drone 73 11.1 Introduction . 73 11.1.1 Background . 73 11.1.2 Value-Sensitive Design and a Values Hierarchy . 74 11.2 Ethical framework . 74 11.3 Assessment of a Commercially Available Drone . 74 11.3.1 Beneficence . 75 11.3.2 Non-maleficence . 76 11.3.3 Autonomy . 77 11.3.4 Justice . 78 11.3.5 Explicability . 78 11.4 Redesigned Drone - FrugalDrone . 79 11.5 Discussion . 83 11.6 Future Work . 84 12 PAPER 4 - Capability Caution in UAV Design 85 12.1 Introduction . 85 12.2 Reading Guide . 86 12.3 Capability caution design principles . 87 12.4 Drone Capabilities . 88 12.5 Drones as Platforms . 88 12.6 Capability Maximization . 88 12.7 Capability Caution in Design . 89 3 12.8 Principle 1: Context of use . 90 12.8.1 Stakeholders . 90 12.8.2 Dual-use . 90 12.9 Principle 2: Privacy . 91 12.10Principle 3: Jobs and human skills . 92 12.11Principle 4: Safety, security, and misuse . 94 12.11.1 Safety . 94 12.11.2 Security . 94 12.11.3 Misuse . 95 12.12Principle 5: Consider the future . 95 12.13Potential barriers to adoption . 96 12.14Capability caution in the design of a Danish healthcare drone . 98 12.14.1 Principle 1: Context of use . 98 12.14.2 Principle 2: Privacy . 98 12.14.3 Principle 3: Jobs and human skills . 98 12.14.4 Principle 4: Safety, security, and misuse . 99 12.14.5 Principle 5: The future . 99 12.15Future work . 100 13 PAPER 5 - Using the Public Perception of Drones to Design for Explicability 101 13.1 Introduction . 101 13.1.1 Literature Review . 102 13.1.2 Explicability of drones . 103 13.2 Methods . 104 13.2.1 Visual Aspects of Design.