Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience • Piotr Matczak • Piotr and Hegger Dries L. T. Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience Edited by Piotr Matczak and Dries L. T. Hegger Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water www.mdpi.com/journal/water Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience Editors Piotr Matczak Dries L. T. Hegger MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Piotr Matczak Dries L. T. Hegger Adam Mickiewicz University Utrecht University Poland The Netherlands Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Water (ISSN 2073-4441) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special issues/Flood Risk Governance Resilience). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-196-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-197-7 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Adam Chorynski.´ c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Preface to ”Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience” ...................... ix Piotr Matczak and Dries L. T. Hegger Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience—Reviewing the Special Issue’s Contribution to Existing Insights Reprinted from: Water 2020, 12, 2122, doi:10.3390/w12082122 .................... 1 Astrid Molenveld and Arwin van Buuren Flood Risk and Resilience in the Netherlands: In Search of an Adaptive Governance Approach Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 2563, doi:10.3390/w11122563 .................... 13 Jacomien den Boer, Carel Dieperink and Farhad Mukhtarov Social Learning in Multilevel Flood Risk Governance: Lessons from the Dutch Room for the River Program Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 2032, doi:10.3390/w11102032 .................... 33 Silvana Ilgen, Frans Sengers and Arjan Wardekker City-To-City Learning for Urban Resilience: The Case of Water Squares in Rotterdam and Mexico City Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 983, doi:10.3390/w11050983 ..................... 51 Romy C. Brockhoff, Steven H.A. Koop and Karin A.W. Snel Pluvial Flooding in Utrecht: On Its Way to a Flood-Proof City Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 1501, doi:10.3390/w11071501 ..................... 73 Ralf Nordbeck, Lukas L¨oschner, Melani Pelaez Jara and Michael Pregernig Exploring Science–Policy Interactions in a Technical Policy Field: Climate Change and Flood Risk Management in Austria, Southern Germany, and Switzerland Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 1675, doi:10.3390/w11081675 .................... 91 Md Ruknul Ferdous, Anna Wesselink, Luigia Brandimarte, Kymo Slager, Margreet Zwarteveen and Giuliano Di Baldassarre The Costs of Living with Floods in the Jamuna Floodplain in Bangladesh Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 1238, doi:10.3390/w11061238 .....................117 Flavia Simona Cosoveanu, Jean-Marie Buijs, Marloes Bakker and Teun Terpstra Adaptive Capacities for Diversified Flood Risk Management Strategies: Learning from Pilot Projects Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 2643, doi:10.3390/w11122643 .....................135 Sungju Han and Christian Kuhlicke Reducing Hydro-Meteorological Risk by Nature-Based Solutions: What Do We Know about People’s Perceptions? Reprinted from: Water 2019, 11, 2599, doi:10.3390/w11122599 ....................161 Mathilde Gralepois What Can We Learn from Planning Instruments in Flood Prevention? Comparative Illustration to Highlight the Challenges of Governance in Europe Reprinted from: Water 2020, 12, 1841, doi:10.3390/w12061841 ....................185 v About the Editors Piotr Matczak Mickiewicz University in Poznan (Poland). He publishes on flood risk governance, adaptation to climate change, ecosystem services, crisis management and sustainable development. He is a member of The Commission of Climatology, Water Resources, and Air Quality Protection of the Poznan Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He has been engaged in several EU and Polish National Science Centre funded research projects as principal investigator and coordinator of work packages. Dries L. T. Hegger is an Assistant Professor in Regional Water and Climate Governance at UU’s Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development. He studies modes of environmental governance and their relationship with resilient and sustainable urban development. He has been involved in several national and international projects on flood risk governance (EU-FP7 STAR-FLOOD; JPI-CLIMATE TRANS-ADAPT), on knowledge co-creation in regional climate adaptation (Dutch National Research Program Knowledge for Climate), on relationships between water companies and consumers (funded by Dutch drinking water companies) and on innovation in wastewater management systems in a Western context (nationally funded). All his past projects have involved extensive stakeholder engagement, leading to an equally extensive network of national and international governmental, business and civil society organizations. vii Preface to ”Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience” Resistance-based strategies for flood risk management (FRM), which are based on controlling floods via structural infrastructure, laws and regulations, have been increasingly challenged in the last 20 years. Instead of seeking to build ‘fail-safe’ systems that remove the threat and try to minimize societal and economic losses, new approaches are being developed that are considered ‘safe-to-fail’. These approaches embrace uncertainty and put emphasis on adaptation instead of control. Such resilience-based approaches address the need to absorb water and recover from floods, and focus on the potential of societal systems to transform in response to stressors. There is emerging evidence that a diversification of flood risk management strategies contributes to more flood resilience. The idea is that a roster of strategies is applied: addressing flood risk prevention through pro-active spatial planning, flood defence, flood mitigation, flood preparation and flood recovery. Recent research efforts have significantly contributed to knowledge on the mechanisms through which a diversification and alignment of strategies may take place in different contexts. Different sub-themes have attracted attention. Firstly, the role of citizens and stakeholders in FRM has been investigated in terms of public participation, collaboration, co-production, communication and perception of flood risk, amongst other topics. Secondly, FRM policies have been analysed, investigating their structures, assumptions and limitations. In addition, the application of policies as well as their feasibility and performance have been scrutinized. Thirdly, there are studies on particular FRM measures and tools, dealing with their applicability to policies and decision making. A cross-cutting issue in this area of research is the role of governance. FRM has become an increasingly reflexive policy domain. Initially, FRM relied on top-down decisions, but these have become much more embedded in a dense network of relations, with stakeholders holding various powers, resources and competences. These present-day developments lead to several emerging questions about the role of governance in FRM: How do we integrate traditional resistance-based measures with non-structural approaches? How would cooperative natural-social sciences research advance the role of governance in building flood resilience? How do we (re)conceptualize resilience to capture the governance and the resistance aspects of FRM? How could social experimentation approaches transform FRM? How do we frame FRM to identify win-win situations where environmental (e.g., biodiversity conservation) and social (e.g., equality) aims are integrated? The ten papers collected in this book look critically at flood risk governance, unpack the issues discussed above and identify important new research areas. Case studies have been derived from Europe, America and Asia in order to produce novel theoretical and methodological insights enriching our understanding of new approaches to flood risk governance. Piotr Matczak, Dries L. T. Hegger Editors ix water Editorial Flood Risk Governance for More Resilience—Reviewing the Special Issue’s Contribution to Existing Insights Piotr Matczak 1,* and Dries L. T. Hegger 2 1 Faculty of Sociology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-568 Poznan, Poland 2 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 26 July 2020 Abstract: There is lively scholarly and societal debate on the need to diversify flood risk management strategies to contribute to more flood resilience. The latter requires dedicated governance strategies related to which relevant insights are currently emerging. However, more systematic theoretical and empirical insights on