Liisa Husu, Jeff Hearn, Anna-Maija Lämsä and Sinikka Vanhala Editors Women, Management and Leadership – Naiset ja johtajuus Forskningsrapporter från Svenska handelshögskolan Hanken School of Economics Research Reports 72 Helsinki 2011 Women, Management and Leadership – Naiset ja johtajuus NASTA Women’s Leadership Project Final Report Key words: careers, gender, hierarchy, interventions, leadership, management, organisations, men, women © Hanken School of Economics & Liisa Husu, Jeff Hearn, Anna-Maija Lämsä, Sinikka Vanhala and contributors Liisa Husu, Jeff Hearn, Anna-Maija Lämsä and Sinikka Vanhala Hanken School of Economics Department of Management and Organisation P.O. Box 479, 00101, Helsinki, Finland Distributor: Library Hanken School of Economics P.O. Box 479 00101 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358 (0)40 3521 376, +358 (0)40 3521 265 Fax: +358-(0)9-4313 3425 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.hanken.fi/ Edita Prima Ltd, Helsinki 2011 ISBN 978-952-232-155-8 (printed) ISBN 978 952-232-156-5 (PDF) ISSN 0357-5764 iii Contents Introduction - Johdanto Liisa Husu, Jeff Hearn, Anna-Maija Lämsä and Sinikka Vanhala v Joint projects Review of research on women’s leadership in Finland 1 Anna-Maija Lämsä Work commitment of women and men managers 4 Sinikka Vanhala and Kirsi LaPointe Teaching on gender and staffing within three Finnish business schools 14 Jeff Hearn, Liisa Husu, Minna Hiillos, Anna-Maija Lämsä, Sinikka Vanhala, Johanna Holm, Mari-Elina Laukkanen and Katja Peltola Open access web teaching material on women and leadership 25 Anna-Maija Lämsä NASTA International Conference Leadership through the Gender Lens: Women, Men and Equality in Organisations 28 Liisa Husu Research articles Career orientations of women middle managers 30 Sinikka Vanhala Naisten johtamisurien moninaisuus korkean teknologian toimialalla 38 Marianne Ekonen Mikä edistää naisten johtamisuria? 47 Anna-Maija Lämsä Naisten johtamisuria estävät tekijät 60 Tuomas Puttonen Puolison tuki naisjohtajan uralle 74 Suvi Heikkinen, Anna-Maija Lämsä, Minna Hiillos Men and masculinities in organisations and management 85 Jeff Hearn Gendering large transnational companies 99 Jeff Hearn, Rebecca Piekkari and Marjut Jyrkinen Women on board of directors: Developing a contingency approach 112 Nea Kontoniemi Discourses of competence and gender on corporate boards 119 Sinikka Pesonen, Janne Tienari, Sinikka Vanhala iv Challenging the gendered meanings of the nursing profession in an industrial action context 129 Kirsi LaPointe, Elina Henttonen, Sinikka Pesonen, Sinikka Vanhala Emerging identities: Women in Russian business management 139 Anna-Maija Lämsä and Irina I. Pshenichnikova Women in management in the Middle East 149 Katlin Omair Ongoing research Gendered identity work in business graduates’ career transitions 160 Kirsi Lapointe Managerial careers from a gender viewpoint: women and men in high technology organizations 167 Marianne Ekonen Women managers and intersections of age and gender 169 Marjut Jyrkinen Work/family reconciliation: corporate management, family policies and equal opportunities 174 Charlotta Niemistö Miten johtamiskoulutus vaikuttaa naisten johtajuuteen? 180 Anna-Maija Lämsä The quest for wellbeing in growth industries: a collaborative study in Finland and Scotland 184 Jeff Hearn, Teemu Tallberg, Pernilla Gripenberg, Marjut Jyrkinen, Charlotta Niemistö, Linda McKie, Andrew Smith, Gill Hogg and Sophie Bowlby Selected publications produced by project members 2005- 2009 186 Doctoral, licentiate and master’s theses produced linked to the project 203 Appendix: Nasta Conference programme 207 v Introduction Liisa Husu, Jeff Hearn, Anna-Maija Lämsä and Sinikka Vanhala Leadership without women’s full participation not only excludes women individually and collectively, but is also a huge waste of talent, knowledge and expertise. This aspect of gender inequality is likely to become even more important in the current state of society and the world. It is in this local and global context that the NASTA project can be located. These are not simply academic concerns but urgent matters for practice, organisations, management, policy, and society. NASTA - Women’s Leadership: A Research and Education Development Project (http://nastaproject.fi/) was established in 2005 as a national multi-university project mainly and generously funded by Finnish Ministry of Education. The project aims at producing new knowledge and increasing understanding about women’s leadership, as well as promoting women’s leadership through research, development of teaching, and public outreach. NASTA is a joint effort of three Finnish universities – Hanken School of Economics, University of Jyväskylä School of Business and Economics, and the Helsinki School of Economics (now part of Aalto University) – and has been coordinated by Hanken. NASTA activities have been many and various. They have examined the position and experiences of women in relation to leadership, management, organisation and work more generally. They have sought to produce new knowledge about gender and leadership, women leaders’ values, attitudes and behaviour, as well as about values, attitudes and behaviour in relation to women’s leadership. Teaching and student supervision on gender and leadership has been developed, as has research on women’s leadership conducted at postdoctoral and doctoral level in the participating universities. Networking among researchers in the field nationally and internationally has been actively promoted. Seminars and meetings, both between the three university researchers and with other researchers and stakeholders, have been held. These have addressed research, teaching, outreach and societal questions. A very successful final international conference was organised in 2009 (Husu et al., 2010). An important element of the project has been knowledge transfer on women and leadership into other sectors of society through publications and media outreach. This report presents research and activities conducted within and around the project 2005-2009. The first section of the book introduces NASTA joint projects, such as web-based teaching material (E-NASTA, 2007), a survey of gender staffing and teaching on gender in business schools, critical review of previous research literature (Lämsä et al., 2007), and new empirical research. The next section on Research articles includes several research articles on gender, leadership and management topics from more individual projects conducted by participating researchers and research groups across the three universities, linked to NASTA. The section Ongoing vi research includes short presentations of work-in-progress. The contributions are mostly published in English, with some in Finnish with short summaries in English. NASTA members have been publishing actively both nationally and internationally (journal articles, research reports, book chapters, co-edited journal special issues, popular journal articles, magazine articles) - and produced masters, licentiate and doctoral theses. A list of some of these can be found at the end of this publication. A word should be mentioned about the two terms, “leadership” and “management”, especially comparing the English and Finnish usage. In English these terms are rather clearly distinguishable. Management refers both to those people, managers, named, often formally, as such for managing and organising the organisation, and to the wider process of managing, which may involve people, technologies, systems and social processes in organisations more generally. Leadership is usually used as a more specific term to indicate acts and processes of leading, that is, showing, however explicitly or implicitly, some direction and initiative. It is also sometimes used to mean those formally given the task of leading, as in “the leadership” – even if they, like some managers, do not necessarily show leadership, in the sense of direction or initiative. In Finnish, the term often used corresponding to “management” is a generic term “johtaminen”, referring to both leading and managing; however, the exact meaning of the term compared to the English term remains somewhat obscure. A corresponding more accurate translation of “management” into Finnish is reached by referring to “management of issues”, “asioiden johtaminen”. “Leadership” in Finnish is quite unproblematically translated as “johtajuus”, also often referring to the leading of people (Lämsä & Hautala, 2005, 207). *** Johdanto Johtajuus, johon naiset eivät voi osallistua täysipainoisesti, ei merkitse vain naisten ulossulkemista yksilöinä ja ryhmänä, vaan myös kykyjen, tiedon ja asiantuntemusten tuhlausta. Tasa-arvovajeesta johtajuudessa on tulossa yhä polttavampi yhteiskunnal- linen kysymys nykyisesssä yhteiskunnallisessa ja maailmantilanteessa. NASTA-hanke sijoittuu tähän paikalliseen ja globaaliin yhteyteen. NASTA-tutkimushankkeen käsit- telemät kysymykset eivät ole vain akateemisia, vaan keskeisiä ja ajankohtaisia yhteis- kunnan, politiikan, johtamisen, organisaatioiden ja käytännön kysymyksiä. NASTA – Naisjohtajuuden tutkimus- ja koulutushanke (http://nastaproject.fi) aloi- tettiin 2005 kansallisena usean yliopiston hankkeena. Hanketta rahoitti pääasiassa opetusministeriö. Hanke pyrkii tuottamaan uutta tietoa ja ymmärrystä naisjohtajuudesta sekä edistämään naisjohtajuutta tutkimuksen, opetuksen kehittämisen ja tutkimustiedotuksen avulla. NASTA on kolmen suomalaisyliopiston yhteishanke, jossa ovat mukana Hanken Svenska handelshögskolan, Helsingin vii kauppakorkeakoulu